Liquid caustic

Anhydrous caustic soda (NaOH) is available but its use is generally not considered practical in water and wastewater treatment applications. Consequently, only liquid caustic soda is discussed here. Liquid caustic soda is generally shipped at two concentrations, 50 percent and 73 percent NaOH. The densities of the solutions as shipped are 12.76 Ib/gal for the 50 percent solution and 14.18 Ib/gal for the 73 percent solution. These solutions contain 6.38 Ib/gal NaOH and 10.34 Ib/gal NaOH, respectively. The crystallization temperature is 53 F for the 50 percent solution and 165 F for the 73 percent solution. The molecular weight of NaOH is 40. The pH of a 1 percent solution of caustic soda is 12.9. 

Storage tanks for liquid caustic soda should be provided with an air vent for gravity flow. The storage capacity should be equal to 1.5 times the largest expected delivery, with an allowance for dilution water, if used, or two-weeks supply at the anticipated feed rate, whichever is greater. Tanks for storing 50 percent solution... 

Synonyms Caustic soda caustic flake lye, caustic liquid caustic... 

As a rule of thumb 95% of the average chrome plating bath goes down the drain. In the case of our company this amounted to an average monthly addition of 600 to 800 pounds of chromic acid flake. To reduce hexavalent chrome to trivalent chrome requires 1000 to 2000 pounds of sodium metabisulfate a month. We also consumed 3000 to 5000 pounds of liquid caustic soda a month. This would in turn create 20 yards of filter cake every two months. 

Raw stock phosphorus thiotrichloride (the boiling point is 124-125 °C, PCI3 content is not more than 3%) absoluted ethyl alcohol (the alcohol content is at least 99.7%, aldehyde content is not more than 20 mg/1) sodium hydroxide is flaky solid NaOH, type A (NaOH content is at least 95%) liquid caustic (the density is 1.44 g/cm3, NaOH concentration is at least 42%) benzene (the boiling point is 80.1 °C, the density is 0.875-0.88 g/cm3) /7-nitrophenol (the melting point is 114 °C, the density is 1.479 g/cm3 it dissolves badly in water but well in organic solvents in the diy form explodes by shock) hydrochloric acid (the density is 1.19 g/cm3, HCI content is 27.5%) soda Na2C03 (the density is 2.53 g/cm3, it dissolves well in water). 

PPG produces liquid caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) as 50% and 73% solutions in water. 

Liquid caustic soda, 50% and 73% solutions, is available in the following regular grades standard, low-iron, rayon and mercury-cell. The rayon and mercury-cell grades contain lower percentages of sodium chloride than do the standard and low-iron grades. 

Cello JP, Fogel RP, and Boland CR (1980) Liquid caustic ingestion spectrum of injury. Archives of Internal Medicine 140 501-504. 

CAUSTIC SODA, GRANULAR CAUSTIC SODA, LIQUID CAUSTIC SODA, SOLID CAUSTIC SODA, SOLUTION LEWIS-RED DEVIL LYE LYE SODALYE SODIUM HYDRATE SODIUM HYDROXIDE, BEAD SODIUM HYDROXIDE, DRY SODIUM HYDROXIDE, FLAKE SODIUM HYDROXIDE, GRANULAR SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SOLID WHITE CAUSTIC... 

The price of chlorine and liquid caustic has constantly changed, unlike that of solid caustic, over the past 25 years. The US spot price variations are presented in Fig. 3.21. The United States is the largest merchant market for chlorine in the world, and is also the main exporter of chlorine derivatives. 

Union Carbide Corp. (UCC) developed AFCs for terrestrial mobile applications starting in the late 1950s, lasting until the early 1970s. UCC systems used liquid caustic electrolytes the electrodes were either pitch-bonded carbon plates or plastic-bonded carbon electrodes with a nickel current collector. UCC also built fuel cell systems for the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy, an alkaline direct hydrazine powered motorcycle, and the Electrovan of General Motors. Finally, Professor Karl V. Kordesch built his Austin A-40 car, fitted with UCC fuel cells with lead acid batteries as hybrid. It was demonstrated on public roads for three years. The years of research and development are very well summarized in reference (5) Brennstofflyatterien. 

Using an anion exchange membrane instead of a liquid caustic alkali electrolyte in an alkaline fuel cell allows avoids problems of leakage, carbonation, precipitation of carbonate salts, and gas electrode flooding, increasing the volumetric energy density. It appears that the anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have the potential to succeed in portable applieations [92,93]. 

World trade Most chlor-alkali electrolysis plants are situated in the vicinity of the chlorine users. The alkali users, particularly the alumina and pulp paper industries, are placed in the winning regions. Like the world trade with chlorinated hydrocarbons there are flows of liquid caustic soda with a volume between 2 and 3 million tonnes of NaOH (100%) per year. The net exporting regions are and will remain North America, the Middle East, Japan and Western Europe. Importing regions are South America (Surinam, Venezuela), Australia and South East Asia. 

The company is authorized to engage in foreign trade and exports over US 30 million worth of chemical products each year. It has a joint venture with Bayer to produce polycarbonate with annual capacity of 18 000 tonnes. Major products of the company include liquid caustic soda, solid caustic soda, diaphragm caustic soda, PVC resin, liquid chlorine, muriatic (hydrochloric) acid, chlorinated paraffin, chlorinated rubber, trichloro hydrogen-silicon, sodium hypochlorite, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene, calcium hypochlorite, hydrogen fluoride acid, tetrafluoro-dibromoethane, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin, and fluorine refrigerant. 

The company has 1100 employees. Its major product is PVC resin with annual capacity of 12 000 tonnes. Other key products are liquid caustic soda, hydrochloric acid and calcium carbide. 

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