Alkaline caustic liquid

Specifically, EOR activity can be classified into three major types (1) chemical, (2) miscible displacement, and (3) thermal. The first category includes the injection of surfactants (micellar), polymers, alkaline (caustic), and carbon dioxide. In miscible displacement, a gas or liquid hydrocarbon is injected into the reservoir where it becomes miscible with the hydrocarbons... 

It ia usually met with in cylindrical sticks, hard, white, opaque, and brittle. The KHO by alcohol has a bluiali tinge and a smoother surface than the common ep. gr. 2.1 fuses at dull redness is freely soluble in H,0, forming a strongly alkaline and caustic liquid less soluble in alcohol. In air, solid or in solution, it absorbs H,0 and CO, and is converted into K,CO,. Its solutions dissolve Cl, Br, 1, S, and P. It decomposes the am-moniaic salts with liberation of NH, and the salts of many of the metals, with formation of a K salt and a metallic hydrate. It dissolves the albuminoids and, when heated, decomposes them with formation of leucin, tyroein, etc. It oxidizes the carbohydrates with formation of potassium oxalate and carbonate. 

Potassium Hydroxide -hi- drak- sld n (1885) A white deliquescent solid KOH that dissolves in water with much heat to form a strongly alkaline and caustic liquid and is used chiefly in making soap and as a reagent. 

The first vessel in the blowdown system is therefore an acid-hydrocarbon separator. This drum is provided with a pump to transfer disengaged acid to the spent acid tank. Disengaged liquid hydrocarbon is preferably pumped back to the process, or to slop storage or a regular non-condensible lowdown drum. The vented vapor stream from the acid-hydrocarbon separator is bubbled through a layer of caustic soda solution in a neutralizing drum and is then routed to the flare header. To avoid corrosion in the special acid blowdown system, no releases which may contain water or alkaline solutions are routed into it. 

Reaction.—Make a solution of 4 grams stannous chloride in TO c.c. cone, hydrochloric acid, add 2 grams aminoazobenzene, and boil for a few minutes. On cooling ciystals of the hydrochlorides of aniline and yi-phenylenediamine separate out. The liquid is filtered and washed with a little cone, hydrochloric acid to remove the tin salts. If the precipitate is dissolved in water and made alkaline with caustic soda, a mixture of liquid aniline and solid/-phenylenediamine is precipitated, from which the former may be removed by filtering, washing, and draining on a porous plate. 

The sulphanilic acid is dissolved in the sodium carbonate (i mol.) solution and the sodium nitrite (i mol.) solution added. The mixture is cooled in ice, and the solution of hydrochloi ic acid (i mol.) gradually added. The solution of dimethylaniline (i mol.) is now poured in, and the liquid made alkaline with caustic soda. The separation of methyl orange at once begins, and is assisted by the addition of a little common salt (20 grams). The precipitate is filtered at the pump, and crystallised from hot water. Yield, nearly theoretical. 

Add 2 c.c. absolute alcohol to i c.c. sulphonic chloride and excess of caustic soda until alkaline warm gently for fire minutes and add more caustic soda if necessary. Cool, and extract with ether. The residual liquid consists of benzene ethyl sulphonate, CoH SOjCl + HOC Hj = CcH SOoOC H -p HCl. 

With the exception of fonnamide, which is a viscid liquid, the 111.ijonly of these c ompoLinds arc crysttdlinc solids. The lowci members aie soluble m water, and they all dissolve in alcohol or ether. Many of them distil without decomposition Thc aic nciitial substances uniting with both mineral acids and. 1 few of them with caustic alkalis and alkaline alcoholates to loim compounds which arc rapidly decomposed by water. 

The technical method for obtaining phenol is by shaking out with caustic soda the middle oil of the coal-tar distill ate,. after some of the naphthalene has crystallised out. The phenol dis-soKes m the alkali, and is then lemoved fiom insoluble oils. The alkaline liquid is acidified, the phenol separated, distilled, and finally purified by freezing. 

After twice washing with 100 ml of diethyl ether, the aqueous phase is made alkaline with 50% caustic soda solution. The liberated base Is twice extracted with 150 ml of diethyl ether. After the ether has been evaporated, the residue Is distilled under reduced pressure and has a boiling point of 184°C/0.1 mm, np70 = i. 5539. 77 g of the pure base in the form of a viscous liquid is thus obtained. The hydrochloride, which is prepared in conventional manner, has a melting point of 128°C. 

The scrubbing liquid is controlled to a neutral pH with reagent addition to drive SO2 absorption. Caustic soda (NaOH) is typically used as the alkaline reagent. However, other alkalis, such as soda ash, magnesium hydroxide, and lime have also been utilized with excellent results in terms of performance and reliability. For FCCU applications, however, where a 5-7 year continuous operation is required, the use of lime as a reagent is not recommended. Multiple levels of spray nozzles provide sufficient stages of gas/liquid contact to remove both particulate and SO2. An illustration of the spray tower and the spray nozzles is provided in Figure 16.6. 

Non-alkaline liquid accelerators are fairly new to the international market, therefore the bibliography on their use is still scarce. They were conceived to solve some classical problems stemming from the use of alkaline accelerators, such as caustic alkalis, hazardous conditions in underground work, risk of alkali-aggregate reaction, risk of handling conventional accelerators with extremely high pH level, and reduction of latter-age strength. 

Arfwedson fused the chrysoberyl three times with caustic potash in a silver crucible. Since a portion of the melt corresponding to about 18 per cent of the mineral failed to dissolve in hydrochloric acid, he reported this residue as silica. It is now known that beryllium hydroxide, when freshly precipitated, dissolves readily in hydrochloric acid, but becomes after a time almost completely insoluble in it (17). Therefore, it is probable that Arfwedson s silica was really the beryllium hydroxide. He then precipitated the alumina by adding ammonium hydroxide to the acid filtrate. To satisfy himself of the purity of his alumina, he saturated the alkaline solution with hydrochloric acid until the precipitate dissolved, and added a large excess of ammonium carbonate. Had any glucina [beryllia] or yttria existed in the matter, said Arfwedson, it would have been dissolved by this excess of carbonate of ammonia, and would have fallen when the filtered liquid was boiled till the excess of ammonia was driven off but the liquid stood this test without any precipitate appearing. Arfwedson was evidently unable to detect beryllia here because he had already filtered it off and reported it as silica. When American chemist Henry Seybert analyzed the same mineral in 1824 he found it to contain 15 to 16 per cent of beryllia (22). 

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