Lipids disorders associated with abnormalities

Depression and Diabetes Mellitus. Patients with chronic medical illness have a high prevalence of major depressive disorder [59], Depression may be three times more prevalent in the diabetic population when compared with its occurrence in nondiabetic individuals [60], In addition, microalbuminuria, hypertension, and hyperinsulinemia are another three independent risk factors for cardiac disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [61], Nosadini et al. showed that peripheral insulin resistance, hypertension, microalbuminuria, and lipid abnormalities are associated with NIDDM [61], Further, Helkala et al. determined that cognitive and memory dysfunction are associated with NIDDM and explored the disease s relationship with depression, metabolic control, and serum lipids. The results showed that the NIDDM patients had impaired control of their learning processes [62], Obviously, future research examining the causal relationship of depression to the onset on diabetes and the effect of depression on the natural course of diabetes is needed [60]. 

Lysosomes are in effect a cellular waste-bin, and play an important role in the turnover and degradation of cytoplasmic organelles and phago-cytosed particles. They facilitate receptor-mediated endocytosis of many macromolecules from the cell membrane. Lysosomes carry hydrolases that degrade nucleotides, proteins, lipids and phospholipids they also remove carbohydrate, sulphate, or phosphate groups from molecules. Lysosomes store iron, either as soluble ferritin or as products of ferritin degradation, such as haemosiderin. Abnormalities associated with lysosomal function cause a variety of storage disorders such as Tay-Sachs disease [9]. 

The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity has seri-ons implications for child health becanse it is associated with comorbidity, even during early childhood. This inclndes elevated BP, abnormal blood lipid concentrations, insnlin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitns, orthopedic disorders, skin problems, and psychological problems. 

Deficiencies in both n-3 and n-6 FFA are seen clinically and can be differentiated by predominant symptoms. Common symptoms of n-6 FA deficiency include growth retardation, skin lesions, impairment of reproduction, loss of hair, fatty liver, and disorder in the water balance. In contrast, n-3 FA deficiency spares growth and reproduction, but is associated with reduced learning, impaired vision, and polydipsia. Abnormal n-6-to-n-3 ratios have been linked to changes in the vascular membrane lipid composition and the increased incidence of atherosclerosis and inflammatory disorders. In humans, EFA deficiencies have been observed in babies however, EFA deficiency in adults was unknown until parenteral feeding with a formula diet was administered over a long period of time. 

Schwartz, J. F., L. P. Rowland, H. A. Eder, P. M. Marks, E. Ossermann, H. Anderson, and E. Hirschberg Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome neuromuscular disorder resembling Friedreich s ataxia associated with retinitis pigmentosa, acanthocytosis, steatorrhea, and an abnormality of lipid metabolism. Trans. Amer. Neurol. Ass. 86, 49 (1961). 

It has been long known that lipid abnormalities are associated with psychosis [5]. For example, abnormal GPL metabolism or altered brain membrane lipid composition is associated with the development of schizophrenia [100], Importantly, the results from an intervention study with long-chain n-3 fatty acids clearly indicate the importance of lipids in the progression of psychosis since the study demonstrated that treatment with long-chain n-3 fatty acids could reduce the risk of progression to psychotic disorder [101]. 

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