Lipid factors affecting

Figure 26-5. Factors affecting cholesterol balance at the cellular level. Reverse cholesterol transport may be initiated by pre 3 HDL binding to the ABC-1 transporter protein via apo A-l. Cholesterol is then moved out of the cell via the transporter, lipidating the HDL, and the larger particles then dissociate from the ABC-1 molecule. (C, cholesterol CE, cholesteryl ester PL, phospholipid ACAT, acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase LCAT, lecithinicholesterol acyltransferase A-l, apolipoprotein A-l LDL, low-density lipoprotein VLDL, very low density lipoprotein.) LDL and HDL are not shown to scale.

POKORNY j (1987) Major factors affecting the autoxidation of lipids , in Chan El W S, Autoxidation of unsaturated lipids , London, Academic Press, 141-206. 

OCPs paralyze the nerves of fish, which leads to disruptions in coordination and in the feeding reflex this in turn causes the fish to become emaciated. OCPs also disrupt the metabolizing of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, and affect the reproductive cycle. All of these factors lead to many fish species weakening and dying out [6]. 

Another factor affecting the lifetime of a membrane fluorophore probe is its proximity to the surface. The lifetimes of the DPH, DPH-phosphatidyl-choline (DPH-PC), and trimethylammonium-DPH (TMA-DPH) probes decrease in the order DPH > DPH-PC > TMA-DPH, as the probe locates nearer to the surface of the lipid bilayer.(7) The same is found for the anthroyl-stearate probes.(8) More recently, it has been shown that with TMA-DPH, the lifetime appears to be fairly sensitive to the differences in lipid bilayer packing induced by differing degrees of unsaturation in the phospholipid fatty acyl chains.(9) This aspect of the use of TMA-DPH and possibly other probes remains to be further exploited. 

Scanu, A. M., Factors affecting lipoprotein metabolism. Advan. Lipid Res. 3, 63-138 (1965). 

The physicochemical factors affecting the absorption are lipid solubility, dissolution rate, salt from complexation, viscosity and drug stability in the GIT. 

It was believed that the main factors affecting transfection efficiency were the structure of the cationic lipid, the type of helper lipid used and their susceptibility to disruption by serum proteins. For gene transfer in vivo, apart from DOTMA-based liposomes, other complexes (in equimolar ratios) are also used—such as dioctade-cylamidoglicylspermidin (DLS)/DOPE (137), DOPE/DOTMA (1 1), DOPE/DOTAP (1 1) (138, 139), dimethyloctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB), and DOTAP with cholesterol (1 1) (mol/mol) (139). 

Fat absorption of protein additives has been studied less extensively than water absorption and consequently the available data are meager. Although the mechanism of fat absorption has not been explained, fat absorption is attributed mainly to the physical entrapment of oil (7). Factors affecting the protein-lipid interaction include protein conformation, protein-protein interactions, and the spatial arrangement of the lipid phase resulting from the lipid-lipid interaction. Non-covalent bonds, such as hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen, are the forces involved in protein-lipid interactions no single molecular force can be attributed to protein-lipid interactions ( ). 

Norkskog, B.K. et al. (2001) An examination of the factors affecting intestinal lymphatic transport of dietary lipids. Adv. Drug Del. Rev., 50 21-44. 

Yamamoto K, Kawanishi S (1989) Hydroxyl free radical is not the main active species in site- specific DNA damage induced by copper(ll) ion and hydrogen peroxide. J Biol Chem 264 15435-15440 Yang M-H, Schaich KM (1996) Factors affecting DNA damage caused by lipid hydroperoxides and aldehydes. Free Rad Biol Med 20 225-236... 

De Paepe, K., Weerheim, A., Houben, E., Roseeuw, D., Ponec, M., and Rogiers, V., Analysis of epidermal lipids of the healthy human skin factors affecting the design of a control population, Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. Appl. Skin, 17, 23-30, 2004. 

Disinfectants are used in industrial establishments, hospitals, and homes to prevent infection. Common disinfectants can kill some fungi, lipid-containing viruses, gram-negative bacteria, and mycobacteria, but bacterial spores are resistant to disinfectants. Factors affecting the effectiveness of disinfectants are contact line, concentration, pH, and the presence of interfering substances such as lipids, rubber, or plastics. 

Kochar, S.P. (1983) Influence of processing on sterols in edible oils. Prog. Lipid Res., 22, 161-188. Krzynowek, J., Uljua, D.S., Panuzio, L.J. and Maney, R.S. (1992) Factors affecting fat, cholesterol, and omega-3 fatty acids in Maine sardines. J. Food Sci., 57, 63-65. 

Clearly, more research is required to clarify the somewhat confused picture regarding the role of enzymes in the oxidation of milk lipids. However, the key factor affecting the susceptibility of milk to oxidation appears to be its relative content and distribution of pro-oxidants and antioxidants. Bruhn and Franke (1971) reported that spontaneous oxidation is directly proportional to the copper content and inversely proportional to the a-tocopherol content of milk. Charmley et al. (1991) showed that intramuscular injection of cows with a-tocopherol may overcome a spontaneous oxidized flavor problem caused by low levels of a-tocopherol in milk. In general, milk from pasture-fed cows is less susceptible to oxidation due to a higher content of tocopherols than milk from cows given dry feed (Bruhn and Franke 1971 Urbach, 1989, 1990). 

Pokorny, J. 1987. Major factors affecting the auto-oxidation of lipids. In Auto-oxidation of Unsaturated Lipids (H.W.S. Chan, ed.), pp. 141-206, Academic Press, London. 

As there is competition for isoprenoid lipid between lipo- and exopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and teichoic acids, the availability of isoprenoid lipid phosphate is one of the most critical factors affecting the synthesis of exopolysaccharide 236... 

Factors Affecting Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins with Exercise... 

Morillon, V., Debeaufort, F., Blond, G., Capelle, M., and Voilley, A. (2002). Factors affecting the moisture permeability of lipid-based edible films A review. Critical Rev. Food Sci. Nutrition. 42(1), 67-89. 

Abraham, W. and Downing, D. T. (1990). Factors affecting the formation, morphology and penneability of stratum comeum lipid bilayers in vitro. In Scott, R. C., Guy, R. H, and Hadgraft, J., eds. Prediction of Percutaneous penetration. IBC Technical Services, London, pp. 110-122. 

---