Linoleic acid, extractant

Com oil (Maize oil) Consist of 13% saturated acid (palmitic and stearic acid) and 86% unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acid) Extracted from the germ of Zea mays [34, 54, 82]... 

Liquid—hquid extraction can be used to obtain high purity linoleic acid from safflower fatty acids or linoleic acid from linseed fatty acids using furfural and hexane as solvents (18). High purity linoleic acid has been obtained from sunflower fatty acids using a dimethylformamide and hexane solvent system (19). 

Dopamine, a strong water-soluble antioxidant, was identified in banana fruit (Musa cavendishii) by Kanazawa and Sakakibara (2000). Banana fruit contained high levels in the pulp and peel 2.5-10 mg/100 g and 80-560 mg/100 g, respectively. A banana water extract was reported to suppress the autoxidation of linoleic acid by 65-70% after a 5-day incubation in an emulsion system, as determined from peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactivity (Kanazawa and Sakakibara 2000). 

The thiocyanate method involves measurement of the peroxide value using linoleic acid as substrate and has also been widely used to measure the antioxidant activity in plant-based foods such as ginger extracts (Kikuzaki and Nakatani 1993), fruit peels (Larrauri and others 1996 1997), extracts from vegetable by-products (Larrosa and others 2002 Llorach and others 2003 Abas and others 2006 Peschel and others 2006), blueberry juice, wines, and vinegars (Su and Chien 2007). 

Azuma K, Ippoushi K, Ito H, Higashio H and Terao J. 1999. Evaluation of antioxidative activity of vegetable extracts in linoleic acid emulsion and phospholipid bilayers. J Sci Food Agric 79(14) 2010-2016. 

The three acyl residues of a fat molecule may differ in terms of their chain length and the number of double bonds they contain. This results in a large number of possible combinations of individual fat molecules. When extracted from biological materials, fats always represent mixtures of very similar compounds, which differ in their fatty acid residues. A chiral center can arise at the middle C atom (sn -C-2) of a triacylglycerol if the two external fatty acids are different. The monoacylglycerols and diacylglycerols shown here are also chiral compounds. Nutritional fats contain palmitic, stearic, oleic acid, and linoleic acid particularly often. Unsaturated fatty acids are usually found at the central C atom of glycerol. 

Antimutagenic activity. Ethanol (70%) extract of the dried aerial parts, on agar plate, was inactive on Escherichia coli PQ37 vs mitomycin-induced mutagenesis, assessed by the SOS-chromotest method Antioxidant activity. Hexane and methanol extracts of the dried seed, tested on lard at a concentration of 0.06 %, were inactive Seed oil, at undiluted concentration, was active " . Acetone extract of the seed, at a concentration of 0.2 mg/kg, was active. Linoleic acid was used as a substrate in this test " . 

Antioxidant effect. Alcohol (50%) extract of the ginger produced significant effect on enzymatic lipid peroxidation. The extract dose-dependently inhibited oxidation of fatty acid and linoleic acid in the presence... 

In addition to nutritional value and flavor, health concerns must also be a part of any discussion of food quality. Among the most interesting of food products with a health related function are the CLAs or conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid. The CLAs were originally found in meat (beef) extracts and have been shown to be a potent inhibitor of carcinogen-induced neoplasia in the epidermis and forestomach in mice and of the mammaiy in rats Chapter 21). 

BASIC PROTOCOL I PREPARATION OF FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS FROM LIPID SAMPLES CATALYZED WITH BORON TRIFLUORIDE IN METHANOL In this method, lipid samples are first saponified with an excess of NaOH in methanol. Liberated fatty acids are then methylated in the presence of BF3 in methanol. The resulting fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are extracted with an organic solvent (isooctane or hexane), and then sealed in GC sample vials for analysis. Because of the acidic condition and high temperature (100°C) used in the process, isomerization will occur to those fatty acids containing conjugated dienes, such as in dairy and ruminant meat products, that contain conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). If CLA isomers are of interest in the analysis, Basic Protocol 2 or the Alternate Protocol should be used instead. Based on experience, this method underestimates the amount of the naturally occurring cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer by -10%. The formulas for the chemical reactions involved in this protocol are outlined in Equation D1.2.1 Saponification RCOO-R + NaOH, RCOO-Na + R -OH v 100°C DC Esterification RCOO-Na + CH,OH r 3 v RCOO-CH, + NaOH ioo°c ... 

The concentration of fats and related substances in molasses is low analytical values depend on the extracting solvent.126 These tenaciously retained materials can be removed by fractionation of blackstrap on fuller s earth clay.70 Chromatography on a calcium silicate of the fat fraction of Cuban molasses led to the isolation of melissyl alcohol, a phytosterol fraction, chlorophyll a and a fat fraction containing a glyceride of linoleic acid.70 Stigmasterol and syringic acid are reported as ether-extractable constituents of molasses.127... 

Freese R, Basu S, Hietanen E, Nair J, Nakachi K, Bartsch H, Mutanen M. 1999. Green tea extract decreases plasma malondialdehyde concentration but does not affect other indicators of oxidative stress, nitric oxide production, or hemostatic factors during a high-linoleic acid diet in healthy females. Eur J Nutr 38 149-157. 

The incubation mixture consisted of 0.1M Tris-HCl pH 6.5, hematin (0.02 mM) and 0.1 mM of DAB, MAB and AB. The reaction was started by the addition of linoleic acid hydroperoxide (0.1 mM) and terminated after 5 minutes at 20°C by extraction with ethyl acetate. The azo dyes and their metabolites were separated and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. 

Resin-bound FABP-GST was incubated with the complex lipid mixture. After incubation for 1 h, the mixture was removed, the beads washed, and the protein eluted through addition of glutathione. Analysis of the eluate by global metabolite profiling and XCMS revealed the specific enrichment of fatty acids by FABP from the lipid extracts (Table 2). More specifically, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid were all enriched and this is consistent with observed lipid specificity of FABP2. This example demonstrates the ability of PMI metabolomics to identify natural binding partners from complex mixtures of natural lipids. 

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