Lining materials, cloth

H M (Hennes Mauritz) uses no flame retardants in any product line, using instead natural materials that are inherently flame resistant. In a few cases, the company has cancelled clothing line items that proved a potential flammable hazard and could not be materially replaced. ... 

Cloth Bindings. Many Victorian books in publisher s cloth are falling out of their cases or are very shakily attached because the lining material which is stuck to the spine and extends across the joints and under the pastedowns is usually flimsy and the paper of most endpapers is thin and weak. Very often, too, the sewing is weak and loose, if not actually broken, because the paper and sections are too thick and the book has been sewn two-on—i.e., one length of thread secures two sections. 

The sublimation process can also be observed in nature. If wet laundry is hung on the clothes-line in winter, it freezes and becomes stiff. After a certain period of time, the laundry will be dry, although the temperature was continuously below the freezing point. If such a freeze-dried piece of clothing is compared with one which was dried over a heater, it can be ascertained that the freeze-dried piece of clothing feels softer. Thus, the method of drying must have had a considerable impact on the texture of the material. 

Uses of s, are numerous Shirts, ties, high-quality clothing (kimonos), underwear, lining materials, but also upholstery, tapestry, covers and earpets. Technical application are typewriter ribbons and surgical articles. Silk powder is added to lipsticks, ointments and soap. Fibroin and sericin are added to shampoos and lotions. 

Figure 12.30 Potential uses of polyphosphazenes (a) A thin film of a poly(aminophosphazene) sueh materials are of interest for biomedical applications, (b) Fibres of poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] these fibres are water-repellant, resistant to hydrolysis or strong sunlight, and do not burn, (c) Cotton cloth treated with a poly(fluoroalkoxyphosphazene) showing the water repellaney eonferred by the phosphazene. (d) Polyphosphazene elastomers are now being manufaetured for use in fuel lines, gaskets, O-rings, shock absorbers, and carburettor eomponents they are impervious to oils and fuels, do not bum, and remain flexible at very low temperatures. Photographs by eourtesy of H. R. Allcock (Pennsylvania State University) and the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company.

Chemical reactions are like factories, where goods (products) are created from raw materials (reactants). An assembly line, like the one shown in Figure 6.16, involves many steps. An automobile is not formed from its components in just one step. Similarly, most chemical reactions do not proceed immediately from products to reactants. They take place via a number of steps. While you can go inside a factory to see all the steps that are involved in maldng an automobile or a piece of clothing, you cannot observe a chemical equation on a molecular scale as it proceeds. Chemists can experimentally determine the reactants and products of a reaction, but they must use indirect evidence to suggest the steps in-between. 

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