The power of publicity

The recognition of the considerable influence of public pressure is particularly intriguing, where public scandals motivated both commercial enterprises and state institutions to take action in some instances. This raises the question as to what extent the power of public interest groups and the media can be influenced in a positive way in order to promote the public discussion of guiding principles that could orientate the development and design of new substances and technologies. 

The fate of the urea formaldehyde foam industry is a classic example of the power of public reaction. Urea formaldehyde foam insulation which was not installed properly emitted formaldehyde fumes which caused discomfort and, in some cases, allergic reactions. Formaldehyde also was identified as a suspect carcinogen. The product became unmarketable long... 

One of the most important applications of redox titrimetry is in evaluating the chlorination of public water supplies. In Method 9.3 an approach for determining the total chlorine residual was described in which the oxidizing power of chlorine is used to oxidize R to 13 . The amount of 13 formed is determined by a back titration with 8203 . 

It is important to note that there are many publications which discuss optimal ways of selecting individual spectral wavelengths for use with ILS. Much of this work comes from the near infrared (NIR) community. It provides many examples of the power of intellegent wavelength selection. Unfortunately these methods often require more computional time and power than is convenient. 

Below, some very powerful biocatalytic concepts and their impact in the context of green chemistry are discussed. Examples were exclusively chosen for which it is known that they are practiced on the tons scale for launched pharmaceuticals at the time of publication. 

Agilent Technologies, Inc., Application Compendium, 2005, Publication 5989-2549EN, Time-of-Flight Solutions in Pharmaceutical Development The Power of Accurate Mass. 

While the broad mission of the National Bureau of Standards was concerned with standard reference materials, Dr. Isbell centered the work of his laboratory on his long interest in the carbohydrates and on the use of physical methods in their characterization. Infrared spectroscopy had shown promise in providing structural and conformational information on carbohydrates and their derivatives, and Isbell invited Tipson to conduct detailed infrared studies on the extensive collection of carbohydrate samples maintained by Isbell. The series of publications that rapidly resulted furnished a basis for assigning conformations to pyranoid sugars and their derivatives. Although this work was later to be overshadowed by application of the much more powerful technique of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the Isbell— Tipson work helped to define the molecular shapes involved and the terminology required for their description. 

XAS has been successfully employed in the characterization of a number of catalysts used in low temperature fuel cells. Analysis of the XANES region has enabled determination of the oxidation state of metal atoms in the catalyst or, in the case of Pt, the d band vacancy per atom, while analysis of the EXAFS has proved to be a valuable structural tool. However, the principal advantage of XAS is that it can be used in situ, in a flooded half-cell or true fuel cell environment. While the number of publications has been limited thus far, the increased availability of synchrotron radiation sources, improvements in beam lines brought about by the development of third generation sources, and the development of more readily used analysis software should increase the accessibility of the method. It is hoped that this review will enable the nonexpert to understand both the power and limitations of XAS in characterizing fuel cell electrocatalysts. 

One major player and systems driver has proven to be especially powerful in many cases. It is the role of publicity, the media and public interest groups and they deserve particular attention. Scandals and scandalmongering are among the most effective drivers for the substitution of hazardous substances. In some cases, public debates have influenced the state institutions as well as the more usual commercial interests. 

The next group of problems (278-283) present data in text form rather than graphically. The formal style that is found in the presentation of spectral data in these problems is typical of that found in the experimental of a publication or thesis. This is a completely different type of data presentation and one that students will encounter frequently. Problems 284 - 291 involve the quantitative analysis of mixtures using H and NMR. These problems demonstrate the power of NMR in analysing samples that are not pure compounds and also develop skills in using spectral integration. 

Produces original investigative journalism about significant public issues its investigation of lobbying by pharmaceutical companies was highly critical of the power of the industry. 

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