Liability definition

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) gives a broader definition of hazardous substances, which includes the following ... 

From a purely pragmatic perspective, it is clear that reactive metabolites are linked with toxicity and that a circumstantial link can be made to idiosyncratic toxicides. Consequently, even though the mechanism of this toxicity is not fully understood, since assays are available to measure the potential for bioactivation in an ideal world one would not carry this liability forward. Conversely, it is not an ideal world, all drug molecules have challenges and the definition of therapeutic index (i.e., the ratio between the toxic exposure and the therapeutic exposure) is critical. Covalent binding of reactive metabolites to macromolecules is a crude measure and not a full predictor of toxicity and it is well known that toxicity can be ameliorated by a lower dose. Furthermore, the so-called definitive assays require radiolabeled drug material which is expensive and generally slow to produce. 

The accounting definition of woridng capital is total current assets minus total current liabilities. This information can be found from the balance sheet. Current assets consist chiefly of cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, and inventories current liabilities include accounts payable, short-term debts, and the part of the long-term debt currently due. The accounting definition is in terms of the entire company. 

An important goal of studies with intermediate- and short-term biomarkers is validation of the markers by demonstrating their correlation with definitive endpoints. It is reasonable to expect that these biomarkers will enable differences in human susceptibilities to exogenous chemicals to be detected, or suspected, at an early stage of exposure, and the liability of susceptible persons to be predicted long before the definitive endpoint is reached. It follows that studies using such biomarkers could be accomplished in a much shorter time and at a much lower cost than those aimed at determining definitive end-points. 

The opium narcotics used in the U.S. are, particularly, morphine and heroin, especially the former but juveniles definitely prefer heroin. Heroin has greater addiction liability than other narcotics, produces more euphoria and stimulation, requires smaller doses, and is easier to traffic in illicitly. Codeine addiction is rare because the drug produces relatively little euphoria, and is thus less desirable to the potential addict, and because it is quite expensive and bulky in effective amounts. Codeine addicts are usually persons who originally received the drug for clinical purposes. Many narcotic addicts also use cocaine, usually in combination with heroin, and resort to whisky or barbiturate when their supply of narcotic is low. Every conceivable method and route are used to get the narcotic into the body. Morphine and heroin, however, are ordinarily taken hypodermically or intravenously cocaine and heroin are employed by snuffing. The use of galenical preparations of opium is rare in the U.S. Occasionally, however, a paregoric addict is discovered. 

This principle is firmly entrenched in the Model Penal Code (MPC), a model statute drafted by the American Law Institute in 1962 to help states define crimes consistently across the country (5). Many states have adopted the MPC, in whole or in part, and it has helped unify criminal law in the United States. The MPC recognized the incongruence of criminalizing actions performed by someone who is asleep or unconscious and incorporated that recognition into its definition of a voluntary act. Section 2.01 of the MPC states A person is not guilty of an offense unless his liability is based on conduct that includes a voluntary act... 

Webster s Dictionary defines a standard as something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example and states that standard applies to any definite rule, principle, or measure established by authority (standards of behavior) (Webster s, 2003). From a contemporary managerial perspective, standards of conduct for a pharmacist and for the operation of a pharmacy are derived both from laws and from professional standards or values. Standards for professional conduct and the operation of a pharmacy, whether stated formally in statutes and regulations or present in professional codes of ethics, are important for managers to understand and apply. Violations of these standards can affect the licensure status of a pharmacy practice site and/or its pharmacists, may result in litigation if a patient is harmed subsequent to a violation, and in the most serious cases can result in criminal prosecution. Both criminal prosecution and civil liability resulted in the case of Robert Courtney, the pharmacist discussed in the scenario. Courtney was sentenced to 30 years in prison, fined 25,000, and ordered to pay 10.4 million in restitution to the patients and families affected. These penalties were in addition to the civil judgment of 2.2 billion (Stafford, 2002). 

The use of appropriate experimental design can provide definitive evidence that P-gp-mediated efflux is altering the transport of a compound and can provide further mechanistic information regarding the transport of a compound. Recently it has been appreciated that P-gp efflux can be a potential source for chug interactions and in vitro experimentation can be very helpful to understand potential liability. The techniques described in this section can be used with any tissue culture transport model. 

With the transfer of most biopharmaceutical INDs from CBER to CDER in 2003, there has been an increased tendency to apply the small-molecule paradigm for evaluation of QT liability to biopharmaceutical product candidates, and to request information on hERG assays or plans for definitive clinical QT studies. This does not seem reasonable based on the postmarketing safety data for biopharmaceuticals, nor on scientific grounds as discussed above. If these investigations become routinely required, they will only add significant time and costs to the process of biopharmaceutical product evaluation and have little ultimate impact on patient safety. 

The FTT synthesis has given less impressive results, having produced only 11 definite and 8 tentative matches (Yoshino et al., 1971 Hayatsu et al., 1971). Total yields were 0.01-0.1%, much less than in the Miller-Urey synthesis (2%), though similar to the abundance in meteorites ( 0.1% of the organic carbon). The product. distribution again was fairly similar to that in meteorites, but also included aromatic or heterocyclic amino acids such as tyrosine and histidine that cannot be made by conventional Miller-Urey syntheses. In the present context, that is a liability rather than an asret, since these amino acids have not been found in meteorites either. 

These two objectives are discussed together because many of the selection criteria for screening compounds are important to fulfill both objectives, namely physical chemical properties and chemical purity and stability. Especially with respect to optimizability, a violation of the selection criteria discussed here is not a definite reason for exclusion, but it is a liability of the compound, which needs to be addressed during the optimization of the compound that follows the discovery of the hit. The more such liabilities a compound exhibits, the more difficult the optimization of a lead compound will be. Also, not every violation of a technology compatibility criterion is a hard reason for exclusion, but rather it increases the potential of a compound to cause artifacts under a certain assay technology appropriate experimental procedures are required to detect these artifacts. 

Nevertheless, the situation becomes more complex if patients appear to have been infected with viral hepatitis by a dentist or a doctor and claim compensation from the respective personal liability insurance. The decision taken here will be based on the general terms and conditions of the insurance policy itself Likewise, the definition of intent and gross negligence , as stipulated under German law, will have to be clarified once all relevant factors have been reviewed. 

Appendix to reports, 455-458 Approach to design, 11-12 Area, mean, for heat transfer, 587-588 ASPEN PLUS, 127 Asset guide-line period, 273-275 Assets in accounting, 139-145 definition of, 139 types of, 140-142 Assumed liability, 262 Assumptions in design, 11 Atomic weights, table of, 891... 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture s 1938 Yearbook of Agriculture contains these statements One billion tons of manure, the annual product of livestock on American farms, is capable of producing 3,000,000,000 worth of increase in crops. The potential value of this agricultural resource is three times that of the nation s wheat crop and equivalent to 440 for each of the country s 6,800,000 farm operators. Since then, animal wastes have been transformed from a definite asset to a liability. By 1965, the disposal of animal excreta had become a serious problem (American Chemical Society, 1969). At any given time, an estimated 11 million cattle were on feedlots, the capacities of which ranged from 1000 to 50,000 head. 

Literal infringement focuses on individual claim elements rather than on the invention as a whole. Whether a product infringes the claims of the patent depends on whether the product literally embodies each and every element of those claims. Each element of a claim is material and essential to the definition of the invention. If the product or process does not use even one element of the patent claim, it will not literally infringe the claims. However, the accused infringer usually cannot escape liability for literal infringement merely by adding elements that are not found in the patent claims if each element cited in the claims is found in the product or process under investigation. 

Since the equity is by definition (equation 6.31) the assets minus the liabilities (debt), the overall return on assets (ROA) can be expressed as... 

To minimize the risk of liability, pharmacists must know their scope of practice and not exceed it. Phillips stated that an adequate legal definition of the scope of practice of a health care professional, as well as realistic standards for that profession, is necessary in order for the courts to correctly apportion liability for wrongful conduct and correctly apply malpractice theory. 

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