Leukemia and lymphoma

Ricin [9009-86-3], a phytotoxin found in the seeds of the castor oil plant Acinus communis, conjugated to murine monoclonal antibody (Immunogen Corp.), has been approved by the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with B-ceU leukemia and lymphoma (59). 

Cytarabine is used in the chemotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia, usually in combination with anthracyclines, thioguanine, or both. It is less useful in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphomas and has marginal activity against other tumors. Myelosuppres-sion is a major toxicity, as is severe bone marrow hypoplasia nausea and mucositis may also occur. 

Glucocorticoids have inhibitory (apoptotic) effects on lymphocyte proliferation and are used to treat leukemias and lymphomas. Estrogens (fosfestrol) are used to block the effect of androgens in prostate cancer. Progestogens (megestrol, medroxyprogesteroneacetate) have been useful for treating endometrial carcinoma, renal tumors, and breast cancer. 

Niwa R, Shoji-Hosaka E, Sakurada M, et al. Defucosylated chimeric anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 IgGl with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity shows potent therapeutic activity to T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Cancer Res 2004 64 2127-2133. 

Large amounts of phosphorus can be released from intracellular stores in patients who have rhabdomyolysis and in patients who receive chemotherapy for acute leukemia and lymphoma. 

GC regulate a wide variety of immune cell functions. GC modulate cytokine expression, adhesion molecule expression and immune cell trafficking, immune cell maturation and differentiation, expression of chemoattractants and cell migration, and production of inflammatory mediators and other inflammatory molecules [35], At pharmacological concentrations, GC are routinely used as immunosuppressive therapeutic agents in many acute and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, in transplant patients and in the treatment of leukemias and lymphomas [reviewed in 29].. 

Most tumors are solid. That is, they form a discrete, stable, identifiable structure within some tissue or organ. Tumors of the lung, liver, brain, breast, and so on, are all solid. In contrast, leukemias and lymphomas, cancers of the blood cells, are liquid that is, the tumor is a collection of cancer cells that circulate but do not form a discrete, identifiable structure. 

Phenol was not considered carcinogenic to rats or mice receiving 2 500-5000 ppm in drinking water for 103 weeks, although an increased incidence of leukemia and lymphomas was detected in the low-dose male rats. ° Two-stage carcinogenicity studies showed that phenol, applied repeatedly to mouse skin, has promoting activity. 

Amsacrine is a drug undergoing intensive trials for severe leukemia and lymphoma. It is a cytotoxic drug that binds with DNA with expressed specificity to the adenosine-tyrosine pair, thus inhibiting DNA synthesis. It has been suggested to be used for severe leukemia. A synonym of this drug is amsidyl. 

Neoplastic diseases Palliative management of leukemias and lymphomas in adults acute leukemia in childhood. 

A new cuithracycllne, aclacinomycin A (Fig. 9) which we discovered in 1976 (28), has been proved by clinical study to be indispensable in the treatment of leukemia. It exhibits a therapeutic effect against leukemia and lymphoma, even against cases resistant to treatment with daunonycin and adriamycin. Dantchev et al. (8) proved that aclacinonycin A has markedly a lower cardiac toxicity in hamsters than does adriamycin. This low cardiac toxicity has also been confirmed by clinical study. 

Mitoxantrone is active against breast carcinomas, leukemias, and lymphomas. Its antitumor efficacy in patients with breast cancer is slightly lower than that of doxorubicin. Its major toxicity is myelosuppression mucositis and diarrhea also may occur. Mitoxantrone produces less nausea, alopecia, and cardiac toxicity than does doxorubicin. 

Antileukemic activity. Aucubin, in combination with caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and vanillic acid, exhibited weak antileukemic activity (inhibitory concentration [ICJjo 26-56 pg/ mL, international system of units 2-11) on human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. Water-insoluble compounds, such as triterpenoids (oleanolic acid and ursolic acid), monotepene (linalool), and flavonoid (luteolin) produced strong activity " . Anti-nematodal activity. Water extract of the dried seed, at various concentrations, was active on Meloidogyne incognita Anti-yeast activity. Ethanol (80%) extract of the dried entire plant, on agar plate at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, was inactive on Candida albicans K... 

Changes in the chromosome structure are often observed in tumors of the blood-forming system, the leukemias and lymphomas. They are almost always foimd in the later phases of aggressive solid tumors. These extensive reorganizations have wide-reaching consequences for growth behavior and functional performance. 

Irradiation induces leukemias and lymphomas of varying types and frequencies in laboratory animals, depending on the conditions of irradiation and the susceptibility of the exposed species and strain (Upton, 1967 Kaplan, 1967 UNSCEAR, 1977). Similarly, such neoplasms are induced by various chemicals, e.g., 3-methylcholanthrene (Irino et al., 1968 Akamatsu et al, 1968), estrogens (Gardner and Dough ty, 1944), 7-12-dimethylbenzanthracene (Sydnor et al., 1962 Huggins and... 

Clayson, D.G. (1984). Modulation of the incidence of murine leukemia and lymphoma, CRC Critical Rev. IbxicoL 13,183. 

Kaplan, H.S. (1984). Retroviral aetiology of virus-free animal leukemias and lymphomas, page 1 in Mechanisms of Viral Leukaemogenesis, Goldman, J.M. AND Jarett, O. Eds. (Churchill Livingston, New York). 

Rowley, J.D. (1984). Biological implications of consistent chromosome rearrangements in leukemia and lymphoma, Cancer Res. 44,3159. 

Gardner MJ, Snee MP, Hall AJ, Powell CA, Downes S, Terrell JD (1990) Results of case-control study of leukemia and lymphoma among young people near Sellafield nuclear plant in West Cumbria. Br Med J, 300(6722) 423-429. 

The immune system is also susceptible to cancers, which include multiple myeloma, leukemias, and lymphomas. Some of these, such as Burkitt s lymphoma, involve rearrangement of chromosome segments that carry immunoglobulin genes.524 525 These may result from errors in the gene rearrangements involved in the development of lymphocytes. 

---