Leptin regulation

Rahmouni K, Haynes WG, Morgan DA, Mark AL. Intracellular mechanisms involved in leptin regulation of sympathetic outflow. Hypertension. 2003 41 763-767. 

Di Marzo V. Goparaju SK. Wang L, Liu J, Batkai S. Jarai Z, Fezza F, Miura GI, Palmiter RD, Sugiura T. Kunos G (2001) Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake. Nature 410 822-825... 

Caldefie-Chezet, E, A. Poulin and M.P. Vasson, 2003. Leptin regulates functional capacities of polymorphonuclear neulrophils. Free Radic. Res. 37, 809-814. 

Appetite-suppressing. Neuropqrtide modulators and gut hormones with anorexigenic effects are a-melanocortin-stimulating hormone (a-MSH), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leptin, insulin, oxyntomodulin, pancreatic peptide PP, peptide YY and PYY3 36, and others. 

Friedman JM, Halaas JL (1998) Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395 763-770... 

CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) is a hypothalamic peptide that inhibits both normal and starvation-induced feeding when injected into cerebral ventricles of rats. CART is co-localized with the anorexigenic peptide a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Secretion of CART is stimulated by leptin and CART may be an endogenous inhibitor of food intake. 

A nuclear receptor that is a key transcription factor in adipocytes. It plays a critical role in the control of adipocyte differentiation and is involved in the regulation of the expression of specific adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin. It has anti-inflammatory actions and is the target of the thiazolidinedione drugs. The preintegration complex is a complex of retroviral DNA and proteins that translocates from the cytosol into the nucleus prior to integration. Gene Therapy... 

In the trans Golgi compartment the peptide is sorted via secretory vesicles into a regulated pathway. In contrast to vesicles of the constitutive pathway, vesicles of the regulated pathway are stored in the cytoplasm until their stimulated release. Membrane depolarisation as well as a wide range of substances such as intracellular mediators, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, classical hormones, cytokines, growth factors, ions and nutrients induce somatostatin secretion. General inhibitors of somatostatin release are opiates, GABA, leptin and TGF- 3. 

In addition to fiber and carbohydrate content, protein intake from legumes may have weight-loss benefits for obese individuals just because proteins enhance post-meal satiety (Rolls, 1995). However, a possible specific role for phytoestrogens in obesity has been postulated through the modulation of the satiety response, a neuroendocrine mechanism controlled by leptin (a hormone secreted by adipose tissue and already known to be regulated by... 

Bodosi, B., Gardi, J., Hajdu, I. et al. (2004). Rhythms of ghrelin, leptin, and sleep in rats effects of the normal diurnal cycle, restricted feeding, and sleep deprivation. Am. J. Physiol Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol 287, R1071-9. 

Neuropeptides play key roles in appetite regulation and obesity. Many genes for neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors have been implicated in obesity and cachexia, anorexia and bulimia [34]. For example,NPY administration into the CNS causes overeating and obesity. A second peptide involved in obesity is leptin, a product of adipocytes and the stomach. The leptin gene is defective in the ob/ob mouse but in normal mice leptin binds to its receptor in the hypothalamus, causing a decrease in the synthesis and release of hypothalamic NPY. 

Control of feeding behavior involves peripheral peptides (insulin, ghrelin, leptin) plus several peptides in the CNS (orexins/hypocretins, CCK, galanin, MSH, neuropeptide Y, CRH, cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)) [35, 36]. Some of the same peptides are involved in reward systems crucial to drug addiction. Specific receptor blockers are being tested for many of these peptide-receptor systems, with the hope of very selective actins with minimal side effects [35], For example, there are two CCK receptor subtypes, CCK-A and... 

SCD1-deficient asebia mice bred onto a leptin-deficient (ob/ob) background show reduced adiposity despite higher food intake and have a corrected hypo-metabolic phenotype, suggesting that down-regulation of SCD1 is an important component of leptin s metabolic actions [79]. SCD1 knockout mice are viable and... 

Adipocytes have an important secretory function. Numerous factors (collectively termed adipokines or adipocytokines), mostly peptides but also eicosanoids are produced by preadipocytes and mature adipocytes (Table 9.3). Some of these factors act in an autocrine or paracrine fashion to regulate adipogenesis, that is differentiation and maturation of adipocytes themselves, whilst others, notably, leptin, adiponectin and some cytokines act in truly endocrine way, having effects on the brain, endothelial cells, liver and skeletal muscle. Disturbance in secretion from adipocytes is associated with eating disorders and metabolic syndrome. 

Leptin is a 16 kDa protein first described in experimental mice in the mid-1990s, which regulates energy balance. The protein is encoded by the OB gene and leptin deficient... 

Mature adipocyte Leptin Endocrine CNS, blood vessels, peripheral tissues Appetite regulation angiogenic... 

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