Lepidopterous pests

The methanolic extract of the leaves of P. gracilior (Kenya) caused mortality within 12 days after incorporation into a meridic artificial diet of several lepidopterous pest species. The toxic and growth inhibitory action of nagilactones C (3), D (4) and F (55) and podolide (39) towards these species are shown in Table 7. All tested podolactones are relatively potent growth inhibitors (ED50 4-30 ppm), while the concentration of the compounds that cause mortality was about two orders of magnitude... 

H. Ikegami, K. Umeda, K. Tsushima, N. Matsuo, The discovery of pyridalyl a novel insecticidal agent for controlling lepidopterous pests, Pest Manage. Sci. 60 (1)... 

Flubendiamide is a promising new insecticide which is particularly active against lepidopteran pest species and is currently being co-developed by Nihon Nohyaku and Bayer CropScience. It is the first member ofa new chemical class of insecticides named phthalic acid diamides (Figure 5) to be developed. It has been shown to be extremely potent against lepidopterous pests including those resistant... 

Field evaluations of flubendiamide have been conducted in many areas on various crops such as vegetables, top fruits, and cotton. Flubendiamide shows excellent performance on controlling the major lepidopterous pests in the field at the recommended dose and its efficacy was better than those of standard insecticides. Furthermore, flubendiamide (20% WDG) showed no phytotoxicity to vegetables, tea and top-fruits at recommended doses [3-4],... 

Besides its main application against the sucking pest complex in Asian, Australian and Latin American cotton [15, 63-65], diafenthiuron has important specific additional uses against lepidopterous pests in brassicas in southeast Asia and the Far East. Specifically, good activity against susceptible and resistant strains of dia-mondback moth, the lesser armyworm, the small white butterfly and Spodoptera litura at rates ranging from 30-60 g-a.i. 100-L have been recorded [15, 66-69]. 

Pyridalyl Discovery, Insecticidal Activity, and Mode of Action 11115 Table 30.3.3 Insecticidal activity of pyridalyl against lepidopterous pests. 

Several field evaluations carried out to date have proved that pyridalyl at rates between 100 and 220 g-a.i. ha" or 10 g-a.i. hi" provides excellent control of lepidopterous pests on vegetables or cotton. In addition, pyridalyl is being developed for control of Liriomyza spp. and Thrips palmi in vegetables and ornamentals. The labeled or proposed crops in Japan or USA are expressed in Table 30.3.6. No crop injuries have been reported to date. 

Flubendiamide showed broad-spectrum activity against all lepidopterous pests, but is inactive against other insect species such as Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Acarina. It provides very high activity against all important lepidopterous insect pests shown in Table 31.1. 

Although cyhalothrin, one of synthetic pyrethroids, shows activity on different developmental stages of lepidopterous pests, flubendiamide is most effective on larvae followed by adults, but it has no ovicidal activity and limited adulticidal ef-... 

Field evaluations of fiubendiamide have been conducted in many areas on various crops, including vegetables, top fruit and cotton. Fiubendiamide showed excellent performance in controlling the major lepidopterous pests on each crop at the recommended doses and its efficacy was comparable to or better than those of standard insecticides [9, 13]. Fiubendiamide (20% WDG) shows no phytotoxicity to any crop tested even though applied at double the recommended rates. 

M. sexta has become the experimental insect for many physiological and biochemical studies and for the study of olfactory neurophysiology ( -4), as well as biochemistry, metabolism (5,6) and endocrinology (2). Thus it is used as an indicator species in hopes that results will shed light on other important lepidopterous pests. 

Pyridalyl controls a wide variety of lepidopterous pest strains such as the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) which is resistant to various existing insecticides (8). This insecticide is also effective against thysanopterous pests. Moreover, it does not exert an adverse effect on various beneficial arthropods such as natural predator insects (e.g., Oristar-A ) and honeybees. Therefore, this novel insecticide is expected to be a usefiil material for controlling lepidopterous and thysanopterous pests in IPM and insecticide resistant management programs. 

Discovery of Pyridalyl A Novel Compound for Lepidopterous Pest Control... 

Table 5. Insecticidal Activity of Pyridalyl against Lepidopterous Pests...

Pyridalyl resulted from a major synthetic program based on a series of lead conq)ounds and has proven to be very active against the larvae of some inq>ortant pests of cotton and vegetable crops. Pyridalyl also controls insecticide-resistant strains of lepidopterous pests as well as susceptible strains. It produces unique insecticidal symptoms so t it may have a different mode of action from any other existing insecticides. Pyridalyl is safer to mammals and various beneficial arthropods so that it Avill provide an mq)ortant tool in IPM and insecticide resistant management programs. Pyridalyl will become a safer chemical, and certainly contribute to establishment of sustainable chemistry. 

Roelofs, W. L., R. T. Card6, E. F. Taschenberg, and R. W. Weires, Jr. Pheromone research for the control of lepidopterous pests in New York. In M. Beroza, Ed., Pest Management with Insect Sex Attractants and other behavior-controlling chemicals. ACS Symposium Series No. 23. American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C. 1976. 

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