Lennard-Jones Devonshire model

In a review of the subject, Ubbelohde [3] points out that there is only a relatively small amount of data available concerning the properties of solids and also of the (product) liquids in the immediate vicinity of the melting point. In an early theory of melting, Lindemann [4] considered that when the amplitude of the vibrational displacements of the atoms of a particular solid increased with temperature to the point of attainment of a particular fraction (possibly 10%) of the lattice spacing, their mutual influences resulted in a loss of stability. The Lennard-Jones—Devonshire [5] theory considers the energy requirement for interchange of lattice constituents between occupation of site and interstitial positions. Subsequent developments of both these models, and, indeed, the numerous contributions in the field, are discussed in Ubbelohde s book [3]. 

CA 55, 24011(1961) (Equation of state of the products in. RDX detonation) Mj) W. Fickett, "Detonation Properties of Condensed Explosives Calculated with an Equation of State Based on Intermo-lecular Potentials , Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Report LA-2712(1962), Los Alamos, New Mexico, pp 9-10 (Model of von Neumann-Zel dovich), pp 153-66 [Comparison of KW (Kistiakowsky-Wilson) equation of state with those of LJD (Lennard-Jones-Devonshire) and Constant-/ ] M2) C.L. 

The other cause, the density effect, is especially important at high densities, where molecules are more or less confined to cells formed by their neighbors. In analogy to the well-known quantum mechanical problem of a particle in a box, the translational energies of such molecules are quantized, and this has an effect on the thermodynamic properties. In 1960 Levelt Sengers and Hurst [3] tried to describe the density quantum effect in term of the Lennard-Jones-Devonshire cell model, and in 1980 Hooper and Nordholm proposed a generalized van der Waals theory [4]. The disadvantage of both approaches is that, in the classical limit, they reduce to rather unsatisfactory equations of state. 

Cell or lattice models. Cell theories of liquids, such as the Lennard-Jones-Devonshire theory [177] have been applied to adsorption phenomena. For example, cell models including lateral interactions [178] permit the interpretation of experimental isosteric heats in multilayer adsorption [179,180]. 

Note that both models yield satisfactory results on this point. However, it is important to apply the comparison to several types of results. For example. Figure 1.11 shows that, for the representation of the distribution function, Lennard-Jones and Devonshire s model, Eyring s model and the calculations performed by numerical simulation are very similar. Meanwhile, Figure 1.12, which gives the variation of the compressibility coefficient as a function of a reduced volume, illustrates the significant behavioral difference between the molecular dynamics simulation and Eyring s model, on the one hand, and Lennard-Jones/Devonshire s, Guggenheim s (see section 1.3.1)... 

MSE.6. 1. Prigogine et G. Garikian, Sur le modele de I etat liquide de Eennard-Jones et Devonshire (On the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire model of the liquid state), J. Chim. Phys., 45, 273-289 (1948). 

In view of the failure of the rigid sphere model to yield the correct isochoric temperature coefficient of the viscosity, the investigation of other less approximate models of the liquid state becomes desirable. In particular, a study making use of the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire cell theory of liquids28 would be of interest because it makes use of a realistic intermolecular potential function while retaining the essential simplicity of a single particle theory. The main task is to calculate the probability density of the molecule within its cell as perturbed by the steady-state transport process. 

The van der Waals equation of state can be replaced by better models of the liquid state, for example, the gas of hard spheres with intermolecular attractions superimposed (78), or the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire (19) theory of liquids. 

To gain an initial, qualitative insight into the relationships that exist in crystals formed from chain molecules, we use a simple model with roughly the same rationale as that of the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire model. Let us regard a bundle of N parallel, stretched chain-molecules as the ideal crystal and let its structure be characterized by a mean coordination number q (Fig. 2.4). This model embraces both, extended chain crystals and lamellae formed by folded-chain molecules. Naturally, in the latter ca the chain molecule is merely a segm t of the real chain. It is assumed that all defeats can be built-up from ener ticalfy non-degenerate units with... 

A. The cell model theoiy. The cell model theory was first introduced by Lennard-Jones and Devonshire to calculate the bulk properties of molecular fluids (Barker, 1%3). In this approach, the array of particles is replaced by an array of hypothetical cells inside which the movement of each particle is confined. 

The most successful equation of state for semicrystalline polymers such as PE and PA stems from two unlikely sources (1) calculation of 5 = a of polymeric glasses at T< 80K [Simha et al., 1972] and (2) the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire (L-JD) cell model developed originally for gases and then liquids. Midha and Nanda [1977] (M-N) adopted the L-JD model for their quantum-mechanical version of crystalline polymers, taking into account harmonic and anharmonic contributions to the interaction energy. Simha and Jain (S-J) subsequently refined their model and incorporated the characteristic vibration frequency at T= 0 K from the low-Tglass theory [Simha and Jain, 1978 Jain and Simha, 1979a,b] ... 

Equations of state derived from statisticai thermodynamics arise from proper con-figurationai partition functions formuiated in the spirit of moiecuiar modeis. A comprehensive review of equations of state, inciuding the historicai aspects, is provided in Chapter 6. Therefore, we touch briefly in oniy a few points. Lennard-Jones and Devonshire [1937] developed the cell model of simple liquids, Prigogine et al. [1957] generalized it to polymer fluids, and Simha and Somcynsky [1969] modified Pri-gogine s cell model, allowing for more disorder in the system by lattice imperfections or holes. Their equations of state have been compared successfully with PVT data on polymers [Rodgers, 1993]. 

To obtain the thermodynamic functions of the hard-sphere erystal we use the cell model of Lennard-Jones and Devonshire [17]. The idea of the eeU model is that a given particle moves in a free volume v set by its neighbours whieh are located on their lattice positions (see Fig. 3.2). Then the partition funetion Q takes the form... 

A theoretical treatment of order-disorder phenomena in molecular crystals has been developed by Pople and Karasz. The theory considered disorder in both the positions and orientations of the molecules and it was assumed that each molecule could take up one or two orientations on the normal, a-, and the interstitial, ]8-, sites of the two-lattice model proposed by Lennard-Jones and Devonshire in their treatment of the melting of inert gas crystals. The theory introduced a single non-dimensional parameter, v- related to the relative energy barriers for the... 

Table 1.2. Values of the critical temperature, found experimentally and calculated by the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire model...

Thus, the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire cellular model can be used to calculate thermodynamic functions with only two adjustable parameters. In section 1.7, however, we shall demonstrate that the results obtained are very... 

Whilst it does represent real progress in relation to the previous two models, the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire model discussed above has a serious shortcoming-it is incapable of taking account of two dynamic properties of liquids the phenomena of viscosity and self-diffusion. In order to take account of these properties, Ono [ONO 47] introduced the concept of vacancies, comparable to that which takes account of conductivity and diffusion in the solid phase. Ono considers that certain sites in the pseudolattice, or if you prefer, certain cells described in the above model, are not occupied, forming what we call vacancies. Thus, on average, over time, a molecule i will be surrounded by z, first neighbors in accordance with ... 

Certain data appear in Table 1.2 for Lennard-Jones and Devonshire s model (see section 1.4). Others are given for the solids of rare gases in Table 1.3, and pertain to Eyring s model (see section 1.5). 

The formula for the pressure given in Eq. (28.5-5) approaches the ideal gas value for large molar volume, and diverges as the molar volume approaches the molar volume of the solid at 0 K. This behavior is qualitatively correct, but the cell model does not predict accurate values of the pressure. Lennard-Jones and Devonshire developed an improved version of the cell model, in which they explicitly summed up the potential energy contributions for the nearest neighbors, obtaining better results. 

The above picture of slowly cooled SCLs allows considering the liquid cell model of Lennard-Jones and Devonshire [34] (Figure 10.1 and its various elaborations [35]. In the figure, we show a cell representation of a dense liquid in (a) and of a crystal in (b). Each cell is occupied by a particle in which the particle vibrates. A defect in the cell representation corresponds to some empty cells. The regular lattice in (b) is in accordance with Einstein s model of a crystal. In the liquid state, this regularity is absent. We consider the conjiguratiorud partition JunctionZ T, V) (Appendix lO.A),... 

This more or less regular structure forms the basis of the cell model in its simplest form it is assumed that each molecule is confined to its own cell. The first attempts to give a description of the liquid state with the ceil model are due to Eyeing [1936] and Eyeing and Hirschfel-DER [1937J. However, Lennard-Jones and Devonshire [1937, 1938] were the first to iss the cell model in the interpretation of the thermodynamic properties of a liquid in terms of intermolecular forces. 

The critical data as deduced from the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire model are compared with the experimental values in Table 7.2.1... 

CRITICAL PATA ACCORDING TO THE LENNARD-JONES AND DEVONSHIRE MODEL... 

The complexity of the excess functions in mixtures make an analytical discussion highly desirable. For this purpose the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire model is unfortunately not suitable because of the complicated form of the mean potential model valid in a restricted range of density. For hig densities, as in the solid state, we may use a harmonic potential approximation (cf. Fig. 7.1.2). We shall develop this approximation in more detail in the next paragraph. On the other hand, for the range of densities corresponding to the liquid state we may use the smoothed potential model (Prigogine and Mathot [1952]) (cf. Fig. 7.1.2). This is however an oversimplification and the conclusions have to be used with some caution. 

The choice of the upper limit (a — a) is rather arbitrary. In so far as we are interested in excess properties of solutions, we could as well take (a — constant term to the free energy and disappears in the excess functions (cf., however, Ch. XVIII for the quantum case). As in the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire model, we shall use (7.1.23) for the lattice energy" of our system. The cell partition function W is clearly of the same form as for hard spheres (cf. 7.1.11) and depends only on the density. It may be written in the form... 

The constant factor t v y) may be absorbed in the kinetic part of the partition functions. From this relation for the cell partition function all relevant thermodynamic properties may easily be deduced. The two models we have considered in 3 and 4 are dearly ovnsimplifled. Their intor t is that they retain the most important features of the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire cell model of condensed states with an appreciable gain in simplidty. 

Let us now go back to the general case in which we have to take account of the interaction between particles. The interactions of all molecules in the same multiply occupied cell are then treated exactly. The interaction between molecules in different cells are replaced by an average potential similar to that used in the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire model. 

The main progress in the theory of concentrated solutions came from two somewhat complementary directions of approach. A decisive step toward the understanding of the liquid state was made in 1937 by Lennard-Jones and Devonshire using a free volume theory (or cell model). Before Lennard-Jones and Devonshire, the cell model had been used by many authors (mainly by E3rring and his coworkers) to correlate the thermodynamic properties of liquids. However, Lennard-Jones and Devonshire were the first to use it to express the thermodynamic properties in terms of intermolecular forces (as deduced for example, from drial measurements). 

It is now weU understood that the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire model greatly overestimates the local order in liquids, and many improvements have been proposed (cf. Ch. VII). However it gives a consistent picture of some of the main factors which determine the thermodynamic properties of liquids. 

Simple Cell Model of Prigogine et al. The cell model by Frigogine et al. (10-12) is an extension of the cell model for small molecules by Lennard-Jones and Devonshire (68) to polymers. Each monomer in the system is considered to be trapped in the cell created by the surroimdings. The general cell potential, generated by the smroimdings, is simplified to be athermal. This turns the simple cell model into a free volmne theory. The mean potential between the centers of different cells are described by the Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential. The dimensionless equation of state has the following form ... 

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