Length effects

Computation of the depth of a crack taking into consideration its length effect end the product thickness allowing to reduce the complementary error while measuring short cracks and fractures with their depth more then half the thickness from 20 - 100% to 2 - 5%,... 

Figure 24.15 The line length effect even when the sending-end and receiving-end voltages and currents are maintained at unity p.f.

Line length effect or Ferranti effect, sin 6, that will determine the optimum line length which will also depend upon whether it is a radial or a symmetrical line. 

Ey = phase voltage at the transmiliing-end Vy = phase voltage at the receiving-end By = line length effect or Ferranti effect at the end of the line, in degrees /i = load current P-JQ Vj... 

Figure 13.37 shows the UV spectrum of the conjugated diene cis,trans-, 3-cyc o-octadiene, measured in ethanol as the solvent. As is typical of most UV spectra, the absorption is rather broad and is often spoken of as a band rather than a peak. The wavelength at an absorption maximum is refened to as the X ax of the band. There is only one band in the UV spectrum of 1,3-cyclooctadiene its X ax is 230 ran. In addition to UV-VIS bands are characterized by their- absorbance (A), which is a measure of how much of the radiation that passes through the sfflnple is absorbed. To correct for concentration and path length effects, absorbance is converted to molar absorptivity (e) by dividing it by the concentration c in moles per liter and the path length I in centimeters. 

Cho, K. W., Colepicolo, P., and Hastings, J. W. (1989). Autoinduction and aldehyde chain-length effects on the bioluminescent emission from the yellow protein associated with luciferase in Vibrio fischeri strain Y-lb. Photochetn. Photobiol. 50 671-677. 

Complicated theories of ionic gel swelling [99, 113, 114] must inevitably take into account the real electrostatic interactions, the finite extensibility of chains, as well as the electrostatic persistence length effect. Their application is most advisable in the case of strongly charged hydrogels [114]. 

Increment of length Effectiveness factor based on rates Effeetiveness factor based on flux Same as Km... 

Local p, G, X effects and channel size effects Coupled p-G-X effects Boiling length effects... 

CHF correlations based on boiling length effect in the high-quality region are described in the following paragraphs. 

Figure 5.19 Boiling length effect on critical power. (From Bertoletti et al., 1964b. Reprinted with permission of CISE, Milan, Italy.)...

Local parameter concept Styrikovich et al. (1960) studied the length effect on the critical heat flux at a constant exit quality with an 8-mm (0.3-in.) round tube at a pressure of 1,500 psia (10.2 MPa) operating in a stable system. Their measured CHF at various LID values (with accompanying Hm changes) are listed in Table 5.7. This can be considered a demonstration of small length effect and/or Hin effect... 

Example of length effect in a 19-rod bundle. (From Gaspari et al., 1970. Copyright 1970 by CISE, Milan, Italy. Reprintec mission.)... 

An alternative approach, which is usual among physical organic chemists, involves a comparison of changes of thermodynamic quantities for structurally-related reaction series. Such an approach, for which the term extrathermodynamic is widely used (Leffler and Grunwald, 1963), will be adapted here in an appropriate form to the interpretation of chain-length effects on cyclisation rates and equilibria. The experimental basis is provided by cyclisation reactions for which either 0AS+- or 0AS -data are available. 

We consider steady-state, one-dimensional laminar flow (q ) through a cylindrical vessel of constant cross-section, with no axial or radial diffusion, and no entry-length effect, as illustrated in the central portion of Figure 2.5. The length of the vessel is L and its radius is R. The parabolic velocity profile u(r) is given by equation 2.5-1, and the mean velocity u by equation 2.5-2 ... 

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