Strong charge

Derjaguin, B.V. and Landau, L., 1941. The stability of strongly charged lyophobic sols and the adhesion of strongly charged particles in solutions of electrolytes. Acta Physicochim, UPSS, 14, 633-662. 

Complicated theories of ionic gel swelling [99, 113, 114] must inevitably take into account the real electrostatic interactions, the finite extensibility of chains, as well as the electrostatic persistence length effect. Their application is most advisable in the case of strongly charged hydrogels [114]. 

There is thought to be an explosive form of arsenic, possibly including a combination of unknown structure. This fomri is obtained when sulphuric acid, which is strongly charged with arsenic, is in contact with an iron container protected by a lead coating. It detonates on friction or impact. An analysis attempt did not indicate the presence of hydrogen. This case is similar to that of antimony. 

The basic characteristic of the membrane structure is its asymmetry, reflected not only in variously arranged proteins, but also in the fact that, for example, the outside of cytoplasmatic (cellular) membranes contains uncharged lecithin-type phospholipids, while the polar heads of strongly charged phospholipids are directed into the inside of the cell (into the cytosol). 

Dumas, J.-M., H. Peurichard, and M. Gomel. 1978. Base Interactions as Models of Weak Charge Transfer Interactions Comparison with Strong Charge-Transfer and Hydrogen-bond Interactions. J. Chem. Res. (S), 54. 

The facile nitration of a wide variety of ketones with TNM in Table 2 is illustrative of the synthetic utility of enol silyl ethers in facilitating a-substitution of carbonyl derivatives. It is necessary to emphasize here that the development of a strong charge-transfer (orange to red) coloration immediately upon the mixing of various ESEs with TNM invariably precedes the actual production of a-nitroketones in the thermal nitration (in the dark). The increasing conversion based on the time/yields listed in Table 2 qualitatively follows a trend in which electron-rich ESE from 6-methoxy-a-tetralone reacts faster than the relatively electron-poor ESE from cyclohexanone. 

Charge-transfer complexes as intermediates in metal hydride additions to tetracyanoethylene (TCNE). Strong charge-transfer colors are observed when a colorless solution of TCNE is exposed to various metal hydrides owing to the formation of the [D, A] complex188 (equation 49). 

Although satisfactory for weak donor-acceptor Interactions, this model does not hold in the case of strong charge transfer such as happens in some disubstltuted benzene derivatives. A simple additive assumption falls short of the experimental values for the three nitroanllines in the para, ortho and meta positions (14). Discrepancies between an additivity assumption and experimental values are seen to Increase with the degree of conjugation Induced by the substituent relative locations. 

Bimolecular reactions of aniline with /V-acyloxy-/V-alkoxyamides are model Sn2 processes in which reactivity is dictated by a transition state that resembles normal Sn2 processes at carbon. Electronic influences of substituents support a non-synchronous process which has strong charge separation at the transition state and which is subject to steric effects around the reactive centre, at the nucleophile but not on the leaving group. The sp3 character of nitrogen and disconnection between the amino group and the amide carbonyl renders these reactions analogous to the displacement of halides in a-haloketones. 

HMB,NO+] complex. Indeed the unusually large slope in Fig. 10A for the [ArH, NO+] complexes is the distinguishing criterion for the existence of strong charge-transfer complexes (Flurry, 1965, 1969 Flurry and Politzer, 1969 Gur yanova et al., 1975). 

Fig. 10 Schematic PE brush structure. In a we show the weakly charged limit where the counterion cloud has a thickness d larger than the thickness of the brush layer, h. In b we show the opposite case of the strongly charged limit, where all counterions are contained inside the brush and a single length scale d h exists...

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