Local parameter

The quantity k is related to the intensity of the turbulent fluctuations in the three directions, k = 0.5 u u. Equation 41 is derived from the Navier-Stokes equations and relates the rate of change of k to the advective transport by the mean motion, turbulent transport by diffusion, generation by interaction of turbulent stresses and mean velocity gradients, and destmction by the dissipation S. One-equation models retain an algebraic length scale, which is dependent only on local parameters. The Kohnogorov-Prandtl model (21) is a one-dimensional model in which the eddy viscosity is given by... 

By covalently attaching reactive groups to a polyelectrolyte main chain the uncertainty as to the location of the associated reactive groups can be eliminated. The location at which the reactive groups experience the macromolecular environment critically controls the reaction rate. If a reactive group is covalently bonded to a macromolecular surface, its reactivity would be markedly influenced by interfacial effects at the boundary between the polymer skeleton and the water phase. Those effects may vary with such factors as local electrostatic potential, local polarity, local hydrophobicity, and local viscosity. The values of these local parameters should be different from those in the bulk phase. 

Thus far, the burn-out phenomenon has been discussed mainly in terms of the important system-describing parameters. This approach is preferable, since the system parameters are, in fact, the independent variables and they must uniquely and unequivocally determine the heat flux required to produce burn-out. It can be argued, however, that burn-out, being a local phenomenon, may be described entirely by local parameters of this there can be no dispute. The problem is to find a description of these local parameters that works. Our... 

The above-mentioned set of Ki values are deduced from analyses based on the hyperfine constants of mononuclear FeS4 centers. However, we have already stressed that local parameter values are not necessarily transferable from one type of iron—sulfur center to an-... 

Gas holdup and liquid circulation velocity are the most important parameters to determinate the conversion and selectivity of airlift reactors. Most of the reported works are focused on the global hydrodynamic behavior, while studies on the measurements of local parameters are much more limited [20]. In recent years, studies on the hydrodynamic behavior in ALRs have focused on local behaviors [20-23], such as the gas holdup, bubble size and bubble rise velocity. These studies give us a much better understanding on ALRs. 

Local parameter concept Styrikovich et al. (1960) studied the length effect on the critical heat flux at a constant exit quality with an 8-mm (0.3-in.) round tube at a pressure of 1,500 psia (10.2 MPa) operating in a stable system. Their measured CHF at various LID values (with accompanying Hm changes) are listed in Table 5.7. This can be considered a demonstration of small length effect and/or Hin effect... 

Now let C C U be a smooth locally closed curve such that X is a local parameter on C. From the definitions we get that in our coordinates the map in%c is given by... 

Once the local parameters have been fitted to a limited set of data then solubilities can be calculated in a representative set of solvents. Plotting the experimental and predicted data against the Hildebrand solubility parameter of the solvent gives a veiy good indication of behaviour with solvent type, figure 19. The application of the SoluCalc method to Cimetidine is briefly presented in Section 6. 

Fluorescence is also a powerful tool for investigating the structure and dynamics of matter or living systems at a molecular or supramolecular level. Polymers, solutions of surfactants, solid surfaces, biological membranes, proteins, nucleic acids and living cells are well-known examples of systems in which estimates of local parameters such as polarity, fluidity, order, molecular mobility and electrical potential is possible by means of fluorescent molecules playing the role of probes. The latter can be intrinsic or introduced on purpose. The high sensitivity of fluo-rimetric methods in conjunction with the specificity of the response of probes to their microenvironment contribute towards the success of this approach. Another factor is the ability of probes to provide information on dynamics of fast phenomena and/or the structural parameters of the system under study. 

The transition from the local- to the normal-mode limit is described by the parameter Xx2/A. When this parameter is zero, the Hamiltonian (4.28) is in the local limit, when the parameter is large the spectrum approaches the normalmode limit. It is convenient to define the dimensionless locality parameter as... 

Table 4.2. Locality parameter, of some triatomic molecules...

Locality parameters of some linear triatomic molecules are given in Table 4.4. 

An important problem of molecular spectroscopy is the assignment of quantum numbers. Quantum numbers are related to conserved quantities, and a full set of such numbers is possible only in the case of dynamical symmetries. For the problem at hand this means that three vibrational quantum numbers can be strictly assigned only for local molecules (f = 0) and normal molecules ( , = 1). Most molecules have locality parameters that are in between. Near the two limits the use of local and normal quantum numbers is still meaningful. The most difficult molecules to describe are those in the intermediate regime. For these molecules the only conserved vibrational quantum number is the multiplet number n of Eq. (4.71). A possible notation is thus that in which the quantum number n and the order of the level within each multiplet are given. Thus levels of a linear triatomic molecules can be characterized by... 

The local-to-normal transition is again characterized by the locality parameter of Eq. (4.75). Locality parameters of several bent triatomic molecules are shown in Table 4.6. 

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