Lead zirconate titanate PZT

The development of active ceramic-polymer composites was undertaken for underwater hydrophones having hydrostatic piezoelectric coefficients larger than those of the commonly used lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics (60—70). It has been demonstrated that certain composite hydrophone materials are two to three orders of magnitude more sensitive than PZT ceramics while satisfying such other requirements as pressure dependency of sensitivity. The idea of composite ferroelectrics has been extended to other appHcations such as ultrasonic transducers for acoustic imaging, thermistors having both negative and positive temperature coefficients of resistance, and active sound absorbers. 

Nickel is being used ia magnetostrictive transducers ia some ultrasonic devices, eg, solderiag irons and ultrasonic cleaners, because of its moderate magnetostriction and availabiUty. This market, however, is dominated by piezoelectric transducers of lead zirconate—titanate (PZT) (see Ultrasonics). 

This 4 Mb FRAM utilizes lead zirconate titanate (PZT) as the active memory element a similar prototype has been made by Matsushita/Panasonic using strontium bismuth tantalate (SET). A 32-Mb SET memory has more recently been announced by Samsung. Device performances are similar in each case. The PZT device has the advantage that it can be processed at lower temperatures (450 °C, compared with ca. 650 °C for SET) the SET devices have the environmental advantage that they are lead-free. 

There are two principal types of materials that can function as piezoelectrics the ceramics and polymers. The piezoelectric materials most widely used are the piezoceramics based on the lead zirconate titanate, PZT, formations, mixed sodium and potassium niobates, lithium niobate, and quartz. The advantages of these piezoceramics are that they have a high piezoelectric activity and they can be fabricated in many different shapes. 

Lead zirconate-titanate (PZT) and lead-lanthane zirconate-titanate (PLZT) solid solutions... 

Mixing can be achieved by ultrasound using lead zirconate titanate (PZT), a piezoelectric ceramic, operated in the kHz region [22], In this way, liquid streams can be moved and even turbulent-like eddies are induced. Favorably, ultrasonic action is coupled into a closed volume, a micro chamber. Here, the creation of standing waves has been reported. 

Yang, Z., Goto, H., Matsumoto, M., Maeda, R., Active micromixer for microfluidic systems using lead-zirconate-titanate(PZT)-generated ultrasonic vibration. Electrophoresis 2000, 21, 116-119. 

Low temperature synthesis of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) can also be obtained via a microemulsion process [161]. The microemulsion, containing cations of lead zirconium and titanium in the aqueous phase, was coprecipitated as hydroxide precursors by the addition of ammonium solution. Crystalhne tetragonal PZT powders were then obtained by calcining the precursors at a temperature as low as 450 °C in air without forming any intermediate phases. 

Table 1. Values of the parameters in equation (6) for PbZr,. Ti,03 where and c [2] are transformed from Celsius scale to Kelvin temperature. Due to the difficulty of finding the melting enthalpy and entropy of lead zirconate titanate PZT, mean values of PbO, TiOj and ZrOj be consisted of the compound [12] are utilized.

Zhao, Q., Zhu, Q., Shin, W.Y., Shin, W.H. (2006). Array adsorbent-coated lead zirconate titanate (PZT)/stainless steel cantilevers for dimethymethylphosphonate (DMMP) detection. 

A broad range of electronic ceramic materials have been prepared by CSD, but three material systems have dominated the field of ferroelectric thin films. These include the perovskites PbZr03-PbTi03 (lead zirconate titanate PZT), BaTi03-SrTi03 (barimn strontium titanate BST), and the layered perovskite SrBi2Ta209 (strontium bismuth tantalate SBT). The extensive solid solubility ranges... 

As concerns the piezoelectric layer, the first choice often goes to lead zirconate titanate (PZT) because of its outstanding piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties. Nickel ferrite (NF) is not widely employed for the synthesis of the multilayered composites owing to a strong reduction of its magnetization in the lower grain size limit. However, a very thin NF layer can help to attain entirely different properties and, hence, this material has been chosen as a sandwiched layer in the present work. 

The sensor is illustrated schematically in Fig. 1. The piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) sensor is a macro-cantilever that comprises piezoelectric layer (lead zirconate titanate PZT) layer bonded to a nonpiezoelectric layer of a few millimeters in length and 1 mm in width (9,21). We use the direct piezoelectric effect to excite the cantilever, and the same PZT film senses the resulting response. PZT film is bonded to a base glass... 

Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) Sheet Piezo Systems Inc., Cambridge, MA. Catalog Number T105-A4E-602. 

The operating temperature of a piezoelectric transducer is dictated by the Curie temperature of the piezoelectric ceramic and its front-end coupling material. Commonly used ceramics are lead zirconate titanates (PZTs) whose... 

E. R. Camargo, M. Popa, J. Frantti, and M. Kakihana. Wet-chemical route for the preparation of lead zirconate An amorphous carbon- and halide-free precursor synthesized by the hydrogen peroxide based route. Chem. Mater, 13 3943-3948, 2001 E. R. Camargo, J. Erantti, and M. Kakihana. Low-temperature chemical synthesis of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) powders free from halides and organics. J. Mater. Chem., 11 1875-1879,2001... 

Ferroelectric composites are alternatives to standard piezoelectric and pyroelectric ceramics such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and BaHOs (BT). They combine the strong ferroelectric and dielectric properties of ceramics with the easy processing and good mechanical properties of polymers. Dispersion of micrometer-sized ferroelectric particles in an electrically passive epoxy matrix was first published by Furukawa et al. [1976] and later extended to ferroelectric matrices such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-3-fluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) [Hsiang et al., 2001 Hilczer et al., 2002 Gimenes et al., 2004 Lam et al., 2005 Beloti et al., 2006]. However, the necessity of miniaturization of electronic components and... 

In most research studies on SP and SD in the lab scale, ultrasonic atomization has been used to generate droplets/sprays. To increase the powder production rate, other atomization methods should be examined without affecting the particle size, size distribution and quahty. For instance, a twin-fiuid atomization technique was used to produce lead zirconate titanate (PZT) powder using a starting soluticm composed of lead acetate, zirconium acetate, and titanium propoxide (stabilized by acetylacetone) dissolved in water by Nimmo et al. [19]. Commercialization of SP technique is closely interrelated to its throughput and strong evidence that SP is a suitable method for the production of some particular advanced powders. 

AIN Artificial muscle materials Electrets Electroactive materials Electromechanically coupled materials Lead zirconate titanate PZT Quartz Zinc oxide... 

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