Lead oxides properties

Brown, H. E. Lead Oxide Properties and Applications, ILZRO, New York 194-234 (1985)... 

Another important class of titanates that can be produced by hydrothermal synthesis processes are those in the lead zirconate—lead titanate (PZT) family. These piezoelectric materials are widely used in manufacture of ultrasonic transducers, sensors, and minia ture actuators. The electrical properties of these materials are derived from the formation of a homogeneous soHd solution of the oxide end members. The process consists of preparing a coprecipitated titanium—zirconium hydroxide gel. The gel reacts with lead oxide in water to form crystalline PZT particles having an average size of about 1 ]lni (Eig. 3b). A process has been developed at BatteUe (Columbus, Ohio) to the pilot-scale level (5-kg/h). 

H. E. Brown, Zinc Oxide, Properties and Applications, International Lead Zinc Organization, Inc., New York, 1976, pp. 56—59. 

Diaziridines, discovered in 1958, six years after the oxaziridines, were almost immediately realized to be structural analogs of oxaziridines. Like these they showed oxidizing properties unexpected for other classes of organic nitrogen compound. Properties in common with oxaziridines include the rearrangement to open chain isomers on heating above 100 °C (for several diaziridines), and their hydrolytic behavior in acidic media, which leads to carbonyl compounds with conservation of the hetero-hetero bond. 

The SIC code of the battery plant is 3691 (storage batteries) the SIC code for the smelter is 3341 (secondary smelting and refining of non-ferrous metals). A lead oxide production plant located adjacent to the battery plant, on the same property, also falls under SIC code 3691. 

All the anhydrous - -3 and +2 halides of iron are readily obtained, except for iron(III) iodide, where the oxidizing properties of Fe and the reducing properties of 1 lead to thermodynamic instability. It has, however, been prepared in mg quantities by the following reaction, with air and moisture rigorously excluded,... 

Some physical and chemical properties of the lead oxides are compiled in Table 2. 

Freshly cast lead has a bright, silvery appearance. On exposure to the atmosphere, however, lead in the surface layer combines with atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide to form a dark, stable gray coating of mixed lead oxide and basic lead carbonate. This layer usually protects the metal from further oxidation and corrosion (see Fig. 38). Protected by a weathered surface layer, solid lead is stable to further corrosion. Lead is also very ductile and soft, being the softest metal known in antiquity. It is mainly because of these properties that lead was widely used for building, to make pipes and roofs, and in naval construction, for example. Solid lead flows, albeit very... 

Chloramine-T, or N-chlorotoluenesulfonamide, has been one of the most popular oxidizing reagents used for radioiodination techniques since its introduction by Greenwood et al. in 1963 (Sigma). It has strong oxidizing properties that readily lead to the formation of the required... 

The oxidative properties of ditelluronium and diselenonium dications are similar to S-S dications. For instance, interaction of thiophenol or 1,2-diphenylhydrazine with either the diselenonium dication 113 or the ditelluronium dication 114 leads to almost quantitative formation of diphenyldisulfide or azobenzene and reduced bis-chalcogenides.113,114,124 Reduction of 113 and 114 with NaBH4 gives the same products as above but proceeds quantitatively via direct electron transfer (Scheme 47).128... 

Tani, T. Lakeman, C. D. E. Li, J.-F. Xu, Z. Payne, D. A. 1994. Crystallization behavior and improved properties for sol-gel derived PZT and PLZT thin layers processed with a lead oxide cover coating. Ceram. Trans. 43 89-106. 

Of all the lead oxide minerals, cerussite and anglesite [1,2] have been studied the most. The flotation properties of cerussite and anglesite are different in such a way as the anglesite is less amenable to sulphidization than cerussite. The sulphidization process for both minerals is a delicate process and is sensitive to (a) level of additions of sulphidizer, (b) the number of sulphidization stages and (c) conditioning time with sulphidizer. 

The most important ingredient of a white paint used to be lead oxide. This was objectionable, as it could be swallowed by infants and lead to brain damage. Other white powders with strong covering properties were needed, and the current material of choice is titanium dioxide. Many painters still prefer lead oxide-based paint, as it has a more desirable warmer shade of white and it dries much faster than titanium oxide-based paint. When a mistaken stroke is made by a painter, lead paint that dries quickly can be covered up by another stroke, but titanium paint needs 3 days to dry before it can be covered up by another stroke. A solution is available in quick-drying additives to the titanium paint. 

Elemental composition Pb 86.62%, O 13.38%. The compound may be identified by its physical properties and characterized by x-ray crystallography. Lead may be analyzed in the acid extract of the oxide by AA or ICP spectroscopy. It also may be analyzed by its oxidative properties. It hberates iodine from an acidic solution of potassium iodide, and the liberated iodine may be titrated against a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate using starch indicator (blue color decolorizes at the end point). 

Hidaka, Y., Suzuki, M., Murakami, T. and Inamura, T., Effects of a Lead Oxide Annealing Atmosphere on the Superconducting Properties of BaPb1 xBixOs Sputtered Films. Thin Solid Films 106 311 (1983). 

Lead oxide is highly toxic as a dust. Use with adequate ventilation, and keep away from food and food products Refs 1) Gmelin, Syst Nr. 47, Teil C, Lfg 1 (1969), 122ff la) EngDesHdbk, Properties of Materials Used In Pyrotechnic Compositions , AM CP 706-187 (Oct 1963), 166-68 2)... 

The oxidizing properties of iodine can sometimes lead to unwanted side reactions such as thiol to sulfide (82JOU1630), and methoxy cleavage has also been reported (88SC855). 

Studies of the formation, chemical composition, and properties of deposits have shown that they consist of partially oxidized organic material, including more or less nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Compounds of iron, silicon, calcium, and other metals are present in small quantity, together with substantial amounts of lead oxides, sulfates, and halides from combustion of the antiknock fluid. The effects of these deposits are both physical and chemical in nature they may physically interfere with lubrication, heat transfer, gas flow, operation of valves and spark plugs chemically, they may bring about corrosion and oxidation. 

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