LDL - low-density lipoprotein

Abbreviations LDL, low density lipoprotein TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor-a IL-6, interleukin-6 APC, adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor. 

Abbreviations HDL, high-density iipoproteins IDL, intermediate-density lipoproteins LDL, low-density lipoproteins VLDL, very low density lipoproteins. 

Figure 26-5. Factors affecting cholesterol balance at the cellular level. Reverse cholesterol transport may be initiated by pre 3 HDL binding to the ABC-1 transporter protein via apo A-l. Cholesterol is then moved out of the cell via the transporter, lipidating the HDL, and the larger particles then dissociate from the ABC-1 molecule. (C, cholesterol CE, cholesteryl ester PL, phospholipid ACAT, acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase LCAT, lecithinicholesterol acyltransferase A-l, apolipoprotein A-l LDL, low-density lipoprotein VLDL, very low density lipoprotein.) LDL and HDL are not shown to scale.

IkB inhibitory protein kappa B lCAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 lL-1 interleukin-1 LDL low density lipoprotein MAPKs mitogen activated protein kinases MCP-1 macrophage chemotactic protein 1 M-CSF macrophage colony stimulating factor mmLDL minimally modified LDL NAC A-acetylcysteine NF-kB nuclear factor-kappa B oxLDL oxidised LDL PKC protein kinase C PMA phobol myristate acetate ROS reactive oxygen species TNF-a tumour necrosis factor alpha AM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1... 

There has been some evidence of a higher antioxidant effect when both flavonoids and a-tocopherol are present in systems like LDL, low-density lipoproteins (Jia et al., 1998 Zhu et al, 1999). LDL will incorporate a-tocopherol, while flavonoids will be present on the outside in the aqueous surroundings. A similar distribution is to be expected for oil-in-water emulsion type foods. In the aqueous environment, the rate of the inhibition reaction for the flavonoid is low due to hydrogen bonding and the flavonoid will not behave as a chain-breaking antioxidant. Likewise, in beer, none of the polyphenols present in barley showed any protective effect on radical processes involved in beer staling, which is an oxidative process (Andersen et al, 2000). The polyphenols have, however, been found to act synergistically... 

Inverse association. + = Positive association. 0 = No association. CHD = coronary heart disease. CVD = cardiovascular disease. Ml = myocardial infarction. IMT = intima media thickness. CCA-IMT = common carotid artery intima media thickness. LDL = low-density lipoprotein. 

FIGURE 3.2.2 Metabolic pathways of carotenoids such as p-carotene. CM = chylomicrons. VLDL = very low-density lipoproteins. LDL = low-density lipoproteins. HDL = high-density lipoproteins. BCO = p-carotene 15,15 -oxygenase. BCO2 = p-carotene 9, 10 -oxygenase. LPL = lipoprotein lipase. RBP = retinol binding protein. SR-BI = scavenger receptor class B, type I. 

LCR Locus control region LDH Lactate dehydro nase LDL Low-density lipoprotein LDV Laser Doppler velocimetry Le (Lewis X) leucocyte ligand for selectin... 

Fig. 9-4). Very low-density lipoprotein particles are released into the circulation where they acquire apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein C-II from HDL. Very-low density lipoprotein loses its triglyceride content through the interaction with LPL to form VLDL remnant and IDL. Intermediate-density lipoprotein can be cleared from the circulation by hepatic LDL receptors or further converted to LDL (by further depletion of triglycerides) through the action of hepatic lipases (HL). Approximately 50% of IDL is converted to LDL. Low-density lipoprotein particles are cleared from the circulation primarily by hepatic LDL receptors by interaction with apolipoprotein B-100. They can also be taken up by extra-hepatic tissues or enter the arterial wall, contributing to atherogenesis.4,6... 

FIGURE 9. Endogenous lipoprotein metabolism. In liver cells, cholesterol and triglycerides are packaged into VLDL particles and exported into blood where VLDL is converted to IDL. Intermediate-density lipoprotein can be either cleared by hepatic LDL receptors or further metabolized to LDL. LDL can be cleared by hepatic LDL receptors or can enter the arterial wall, contributing to atherosclerosis. Acetyl CoA, acetyl coenzyme A Apo, apolipoprotein C, cholesterol CE, cholesterol ester FA, fatty acid HL, hepatic lipase HMG CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein LCAT, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase LDL, low-density lipoprotein LPL, lipoprotein lipase VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein. 

Apo, apolipoprotein C, cholesterol HDL, high-density lipoprotein LDL, low-density lipoprotein TG, triglyceride VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein. 

ER, extended-release FDA, Food and Drug Administration HDL, high-density lipoprotein IR, immediate-release LDL, low-density lipoprotein SR, sustained-release. 

ER, extended release HMC-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A LDL, low-density lipoprotein. 

APV, amprenavir ATV, atazanavir CNS, central nervous system CVD, cardiovascular disease D/C, discontinue ddC, zalcitabine ddl, didanosine DEXA, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry d4T, stavudine EFV, efavirenz HDL, high-density lipoprotein HIV, human immunodeficiency virus HTN, hypertension IDV, indinavir LDL, low-density lipoprotein LPV/r, lopinavir+ ritonavir MRI, magnetic resonance imaging NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NVP, nevirapine PI, protease inhibitor RTV, ritonavir SQV, saquinavir TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate TG, triglyceride TPV/r, tipranivir + ritonavir ZDV, zidovudine. 

LDL Low-density lipoprotein NGT Nasogastric tube normal glucose tolerance... 

LDL low density lipoprotein MuSK muscle-specific kinase... 

CAD, coronary artery disease LDL, low-density lipoprotein LV, left ventricular Ml, myocardial infarction. 

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) the primary carrier of cholesterol in the blood a positive risk factor for cardiovascular disease bad cholesterol. ... 

Lipoproteins are classified into five groups. In order of decreasing size and increasing density, these are chylomicrons, VLDLs (very-low-density lipoproteins), IDLs (inter-mediate-density lipoproteins), LDLs (low-density lipoproteins), and HDLs (high-density lipoproteins). The proportions of apoproteins range from 1 % in chylomicrons to over 50% in HDLs. These proteins serve less for solubility purposes, but rather function as recognition molecules for the membrane receptors and enzymes that are involved in lipid exchange. 

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