Dual-energy

E. L. BurweU and I. A. Jacobson, Jr., "Concurrent Gasification and Retorting of Oil Shale—a Dual Energy Source," Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting, SPE 5535, Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), AIME, Denver, Colo., Apr. 7—9, 1975. 

DEXA, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ECG, electrocardiogram GH, growth hormone HbAlc, glycosylated hemoglobin Alc. 

Routinely assess acromegaly complications, including blood pressure, glucose tolerance, fasting lipid profile, cardiac evaluations (if clinically indicated), colonoscopy, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan (hypogonadal only), evaluation of residual pituitary function, and evaluation of sleep apnea. 

A standardized approach for diagnosing osteoporosis is recommended using central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements. 

Bone mineral density can be measured at various sites throughout the skeletal system and by various methods. The site of measurement can be either central (hip and/or spine) or peripheral (heel, forearm, or hand). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to measure central and peripheral sites of bone mineral density. Quantitative ultrasound, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, radiographic absorptiometry, and single-energy x-ray absorptiometry are used to measure peripheral sites. 

Osteoporosis associated with RA follows a multifaceted pathogenesis, but the primary mechanism likely is mediated by osteoclast activity.12 The cytokines involved in the inflammatory process directly stimulate osteoclast and inhibit osteoblast activity. Additionally, arthritis medications can lead to increased bone loss. Bone mineral density should be evaluated at baseline and routinely using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.11,12... 

APV, amprenavir ATV, atazanavir CNS, central nervous system CVD, cardiovascular disease D/C, discontinue ddC, zalcitabine ddl, didanosine DEXA, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry d4T, stavudine EFV, efavirenz HDL, high-density lipoprotein HIV, human immunodeficiency virus HTN, hypertension IDV, indinavir LDL, low-density lipoprotein LPV/r, lopinavir+ ritonavir MRI, magnetic resonance imaging NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NVP, nevirapine PI, protease inhibitor RTV, ritonavir SQV, saquinavir TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate TG, triglyceride TPV/r, tipranivir + ritonavir ZDV, zidovudine. 

Measurement of central (hip and spine) BMD with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard for osteoporosis diagnosis. Measurement at peripheral sites (forearm, heel, and phalanges) with ultrasound or DXA is used only for screening purposes and to determine the need for further testing. 

FIGURE 3-1. Bone health therapeutic algorithm for women. (BMD, bone mineral density CBC, complete blood count DXA, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry PTH, parathyroid hormone RA, rheumatoid arthritis TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.)... 

Beck TJ, Looker AC, Ruff CB, Sievanen H, Wahner HW (2000) Structural trends in the aging femoral neck and proximal shaft analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data. J Bone Miner Res 15 2297-2304... 

Powles TS, Hickish T, Kanis JA, et al. (1996) Effect of tamoxifene on bone mineral density measured by dual energy X-ray absorciometry in healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 14 78-84... 

Sato M, McClintock C, Kim J, et al. (1994) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of Raloxifene effects on the lumbar vertebrae and femora of ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Res 9 715-724... 

Dimensionless amplitude, 141 Directional bremsstrahlung, 131 Displacive excitation of coherent phonons (DECP), 27, 56 Dissociative attachment, 103 Double plasma mirror (DPM), 194 Dual energy subtraction imaging, 178... 

Dual-energy X-ray EG G Astrophysics ESCAN offer color-coded images... 

EG G Z-Scan dual-energy, dual-view X-ray system... 

Schlumberger Sycoscan 2.5 MeV dual-energy cargo scanner... 

Vivid MVT limited view tomography using three dual-energy X-ray screener... 

The method for converting dual-energy data into a color-coded image is a task that embodies many subtleties [64]. Conceptually, the X-ray image can be broken down according to an optimized attenuation, which sets a pixel s intensity, and Zgfp, which sets the hue. The optimized attenuation is a combination of HI and LO attenuations. Each pixel s attenuation is a composite of the attenuation produced by aU objects in that line s path from the X-ray source and to the corresponding detector. This projection X-ray view superimposes a 3-D collection of objects into a 2-D data-space representation. 

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