Gastropods, marine

DEFER D, BOURGOUGNON N and FLEURY Y (2009), Screening for antibacterial and antiviral activities in three bivalve and two gastropod marine mollusks , Aquacw/-ture, 293,1-7. 

Bryan, G.W., Gibbs, P.E., Hummerstone, L.G., and Burt, G.R. (1986). The decline of the gastropod Nucella lapillus around Southwest England—Evidence for the effect of tributyl-tin from antifouling paints. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66, 611-640. 

Over 40 different types of polypeptide toxins have been found in marine animals (i). Many of these toxins are exquisitely selective in their actions, affecting a single process or receptor at minute concentrations. So far the sea anemone and gastropod Conus) toxins have attracted the most attention as molecular probes of ion channels. In this chapter, we discuss several approaches which are being used to investigate, at the molecular level, the interactions of the sea anemone neurotoxic polypeptides with sodium channels. 

Copper compounds are used routinely and widely to control freshwater snails that serve as intermediate vectors of schistosomiasis and other diseases that afflict humans (Hasler 1949 NAS 1977 Rowe and Prince 1983 Winger etal. 1984 Al-Sabri etal. 1993). These compounds include copper sulfate, copper pentachlorophenate, copper carbonate, copper-tartaric acid, Paris green (copper arsenite-acetate), copper oxide, copper chloride, copper acetyl acetonate, copper dimethyl dithiocar-bamate, copper ricinoleate, and copper rosinate (Cheng 1979). Also, many species of oyster enemies are controlled by copper sulfate dips. All tested species of marine gastropods, tunicates, echinoderms, and crabs that had been dipped for 5 seconds in a saturated solution of copper sulfate died if held in air for as little as a few seconds to 8 h mussels, however, were resistant (MacKenzie 1961). 

Nelson, D.A., A. Calabrese, R.A. Greig, P.P. Yevich, and S. Chang. 1983. Long-term silver effects on the marine gastropod Crepidula fomicata. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 12 155-165. 

Andersen, R.A., K.D.H. Eriksen, and T. Bakke. 1989. Evidence of presence of a low molecular weight, non-metallothionein-like metal-binding protein in the marine gastropod Nassarius reticulatus L. Comp. Bio-chem. Physiol. 94B 285-291. 

Conrad, G.W. 1988. Heavy metal effects on cellular shape changes, cleavage, and larval development of the marine gastropod mollusk, (Ilyanassa obsoleta Say). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41 79-85. 

Mason, A.Z. 1988. The kinetics of zinc accumulation by the marine prosobranch gastropod Littorina littorea. Mar. Environ. Res. 24 135-139. 

Previous studies both in vivo and In vitro have suggested that MFO are not present in marine bivalves, but related animal orders, e.g. gastropods and pelecypods do have the enzyme system (7). Anderson (20) has recently reported AHH in oyster hepato-pancreas and slight induction in animals exposed to benzo(a)pyrene or PCB. 

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