Purification large-scale

Gas-phase adsorption is widely employed for the large-scale purification or bulk separation of air, natural gas, chemicals, and petrochemicals (Table 1). In these uses it is often a preferred alternative to the older unit operations of distillation and absorption. 

Grimm, "Large-Scale Purification of Carbide Acetylene with Special Regard to the Production of Acetaldehyde and Ethylene," OTS Report, PB 35209, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1944. 

N. Maddison, Explosion Hazards in Large Scale Purification by Metal Dust, Hazards XII—European Advances in Process Safety, Symposium Series No. 134, Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, UK, 1994. 

SMB is now accepted as a real production tool. For instance, the Belgium pharmaceutical company U.C.B. Pharma announced recently the use of SMB for performing multi-ton scale purification of an enantiopure drug substance. The concept of large-scale purification of enantiomers using chromatographic techniques has moved from a dream to a reality within the last few years. 

The biotransformation process has been improved by significant advances in biochemical engineering advances in genetic and protein engineering, microbiological manipulations for the production of enzymes, and the use of biocatalysts in immobilized form and large-scale purification methods. 

Nucleotides and nucleic acids are critical tools in the areas of gene expression, therapeutics, and diagnostics. However, there are certain challenges associated with their large-scale purification and subsequent characterization. While solid-state oligonucleotide synthesis is relatively simple and can be totally automated, intra- and intermolecular associations may occur involving shorter sequences that may hybridize with the desired full length... 

EPO is present in serum and (at very low concentrations) in urine, particularly of anaemic individuals. This cytokine/hormone was first purified in 1971 from the plasma of anaemic sheep, and small quantities of human EPO were later purified (in 1977) from over 2500 1 of urine collected from anaemic patients. Large-scale purification from native sources was thus impractical. The isolation (in 1985) of the human EPO gene from a genomic DNA library facilitated its transfection into CHO cells. This now facilitates large-scale commercial production of the recombinant human product (rhEPO), which has found widespread medical application. 

C.Y. Ryu, J. Han, W. Kim, Large scale purification and fractionation of block copolymers using silica gels. Proceedings of the lUPAC Congress on CD, Turin, Italy, 2007. 

Large-scale purification methods for small molecules and short polypeptides are well established and published in the chemical engineering literature. Interested readers should refer to them for details. Although we will focus on downstream purification processes relevant to the production of recombinant products, bear in mind that many of these purification pro-... 

In the chromatography technique, proteins bind differentially to solid matix supports or media with various functional groups to provide hydrophobic, ion-exchange, and affinity interactions. Some of the matrices used for intermediate purification that provide sufficient flow rate for large-scale purification are listed in Table 4.13. Some of the functional groups attached to matrix supports and examples of proteins purified by these matrix supports are fisted in Table 4.14. The chromatography technique should provide high capacity and selectivity. The matrix material must withstand multiple purification cycles with minimum loss of efficiency. 

Lascu, I. Due, M. Cristea, A. Rapid large-scale purification of pig heart nucleoside diphosphate kinase by affinity chromatography on Cibacron Blue 3G-A Sepharose. Anal. Biochem., 113, 207-211 (1981)... 

Minato ef al. of Sankyo Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) (16, 17) developed independently a large-scale purification procedure for the commercial preparation of RNase Ti. 

A large-scale purification procedure has recently been accomplished by Sankyo Co. for the commercial preparation of RNase XJ2. This procedure mainly consists of repeating the DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography several times and then using a Sephadex C-50 column chromatography. An RNase XL preparation with the specific activity of 138 could be obtained by this method with a high yield of 22% of the activity of the culture broth. 

Escherichia coli pyrophosphatase was first isolated by Schito and Pesce (11) and later by Josse (12). A large-scale purification method... 

W. Hummel, H. Schutte, and M.-R. Kula, Leudne dehydrogenase from Bacillus sphaericus. Optimized production conditions and an effident method for 1st large scale purification, Eur. J. Appl. 

Seeram N. et al., Rapid large scale purification of ellagitannins from pomegranate husk, a by-product of the commercial juice industry, Separation Purification Technol., 41, 49, 2005. 

MD Scawen. Large scale purification of enzymes. In Enzymes in Organic Synthesis. London Pitman Publishing, 1985, pp 40-56. 

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