Landfill taxes

For landfill, costs vary highly across Europe. The main reason are differences in landfill quality (a point that will be quickly become less important now that the EU Landfill directive is becoming operational) and particularly landfill tax systems. Differences between some 2 per tornie in some EU countries (for inert waste) and up to 280 per tonne in, e.g., some places in Germany, may occur (though the latter value must be regarded as exceptionally high). Technically, even in countries with unfavourable circumstances like the... 

Ways, other than legislative means, in which control can be exerted are also shown in Figure 9.2. These include codes of good practice and campaigns, fiscal measures such as the landfill tax and the proposed pesticide tax, and the publication of information. The Environment Agency s Pollution Inventory, launched in 1999, provides environmental information to a large audience, particularly the general public. The inventory is a database of emissions of pollutants to the environment from particular industries in the UK. 

Landfill tax scheme installation of central cars agreement prevention and ... 

Because the Landfill Tax was placed on all wastes sent to landfills, there is evidence of a reduction of the amount of waste going to landfill. This probably partly reflects an increase in waste reduction, re-use and recycling. However, there have been reports of increases in the amounts of industrial waste being spread onto agricultural land. 

Fiscal instruments have more recently begun to emerge as market based forces focus on environmental improvements through taxes and levies such as the landfill tax introduced in 1996, and the Climate Change Levy that came into effect on 1 April 2001. 

Resource Productivity, Waste Minimisation and the Landfill Tax, Advisory Committee on Business and the Environment (2001)... 

The Landfill Tax was introduced in the UK in 1996 to try to reduce the amoimt of waste being sent to landfill. All waste placed in a landfill is subject to the tax unless specifically exempt. For example soil being removed from redevelopment sites because it is contaminated is exempt. The Special Waste Regulations 1996 updated the definition of special waste (hazardous waste) to conform to European Union legislation. 

United Kingdom All packaging waste 58% of packaging waste recovered by 2000 (plastic 16%) Shared responsibility landfill tax. 

Another illustration of the impact of these influences, such as increasing landfill taxes for general rubber goods products, is that more forms of waste rubber are being considered for recycling. One example of this is the recycling of post-industrial and postconsumer ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber membranes, which has received a great deal of attention in recent years as described in an article published in Rubber and Plastics News [5]. 

Sometimes these wastes are nontoxic and can be deposited in a sanitary landfill. This generally costs between 4 and 5 per ton.61 Landfill operations can, however, be expected to increase in price as land becomes scarcer, pollution laws become tougher, and maybe even disposal taxes are levied. 

Now the New York State Department of Environmental Conservahon and some environmental groups have advocated dredging the PCB-contaminated river bottom and transferring the PCB-containing sediment to a landhU site. Even though the cleanup costs, now estimated to run as high as 300 nuUion U.S. dollars, are acceptable to U.S. tax payers, a landfill site to receive the PCB-contaminated sediment shU cannot be found because of pubhc resistance [50]. 

Table 1 gives a cost comparison of asphaltic metals stabilization (AMS) versus hazardous waste landfill disposal (HWLD). The AMS eliminated 173.00/ton in state and county taxes. 

The output volume from the sludge dryer operating two shifts is 8 to 12 cu. ft per day. Approximately 30,000 lbs. of dried F006 material are shipped to a secure landfill every two months. The present cost for transportation, disposal and taxes is approximately 30,000 per year or almost 200 per ton. Several loads have been rejected either because... 

Individual countries within the European Community handle the battery waste problem differently. For example, in Switzerland all used consumer batteries are considered hazardous waste and must be collected separately from ordinary household waste. Batteries must be recycled or stored in warehouses, not landfilled. A tax is collected on all new battery purchases to help defray the cost of recycling. In Italy, spent dry batteries are considered as hazardous waste and must be collected separately. In Sweden (10), the environmental issues relatii to waste batteries are addressed in the Control of Chemicals Bill and in the Decree on Environmentally Hazardous Batteries. All used batteries containing cadmium or mercury are collected separately under government control. The cadmium is then recycled. Regulations are in place for the manufacture of nickel/cadmium cells, limiting the exposure of workers and the emission of toxic materials. 

As producers start to realize the financial implications of green taxes such as those aimed at reducing the amount of waste that goes to landfill, separation processes that enable producers to reduce, recycle, or not produce the waste in the first place, become more viable. 

Since the facility is disposing of waste materials, and may be considered a solution to a growing national solids waste disposal problem — particularly the need for elimination of landfills — the project may be considered as a waste disposal facility and thereby might be financed to a substantial extent by municipal tax-free bonds. 

---