Lampblacks

Lampblack is one of the oldest forms of carbon, first produced by the ancient Chinese who made it by collecting the soot from a burning oil lamp. It was used then (and now) as a black pigment for inks and paints.l l 

Production. Lampblack is produced in multiple furnaces where a preheated feed of coal tar and petroleum oil is burned in a controlled airflow. The particles are calcined in the flue gas to remove excess residual oil and aromatic compounds and, still entrained by the flue gas, are carried in a large chamber. The sudden expansion of the gases causes the particles to settle by gravity. 

The feed-to-air ratio in this confined partial combustion is the critical processing factor that controls the characteristics and properties of the resulting lampblack as shown in Table 10.3. 

Particle Size. The particle size of lampblack averages 100 - 200 nm and, to a great degree, controls the color and oil adsorption as shown in Table 10.4. 

Properties. Lampblack is a soft, flocculent, amorphous material with an apparent density that can vary by a factor of twenty, depending on the amount of occluded gases and the shape of the particle. The occluded gases include hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and often sulfur compounds originating from the feed coal tar. 

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Hafnium Carbide. Hafnium carbide, HfC, is a dark gray brittle soHd. This carbide can be prepared by heating an intimate mixture of the elements or by the reaction of hafnium tetrachloride with methane at 2100°C, but is commonly produced by the reaction of hafnium oxide with lampblack... 

Processing. Tungsten carbide is made by heating a mixture of lampblack with tungsten powder in such proportions that a compound with a combined carbon of 6.25 wt % is obtained. The ratio of free-to-combined carbon is of extreme importance. Tantalum and titanium carbides are made by heating a mixture of carbon with the metal oxide. Multicarbide powders, such as M02C—WC, TaC—NbC, and TiC—TaC—WC, are made by a variety of methods, the most important of which is carburization of powder mixtures. 

Na2B0402 10H2O, and cmde oil residue (41) in a rotary kiln heated to 1038°C. Borax is fed at the rate of 1360 kg/h and sprayed with 635 kg/h of 17% residue cmde oil. The heated mixture then reacts with CI2 at 760°C in a separate reactor to yield BCl. On a smaller scale, BCl can be prepared by the reaction of CI2 and a mixture of boron oxide [1303-86-2] 2 3 coke, and lampblack in a fluidized bed (42). Other methods for the preparation... 

A number of processes have been used to produce carbon black including the oil-furnace, impingement (channel), lampblack, and the thermal decomposition of natural gas and acetjiene (3). These processes produce different grades of carbon and are referred to by the process by which they are made, eg, oil-furnace black, lampblack, thermal black, acetylene black, and channel-type impingement black. A small amount of by-product carbon from the manufacture of synthesis gas from Hquid hydrocarbons has found appHcations in electrically conductive compositions. The different grades from the various processes have certain unique characteristics, but it is now possible to produce reasonable approximations of most of these grades by the od-fumace process. Since over 95% of the total output of carbon black is produced by the od-fumace process, this article emphasizes this process. 

Table 11 Hsts the types and appHcations of special pigment-grade carbon blacks. Included in this Hst are thermal black and lampblack. Over 40 special black grades have been developed based on the furnace process having a broad range of surface areas, from 20 m /g to over 1500 m /g. The lower surface area products are used in printing inks and tinting. The high area, more expensive products find use in high color enamels and lacquers.

As might be expected, large differences in the removabiUty of soHd particulate soil are due to differences in the chemical nature of the particle surface. Thus, kon oxides, lampblacks, and clays, all of the same particle size, differ greatly in thek redeposition behavior and the manner in which they are removed. 

Grog brick, glazed 2012 0.75 Lampblack-waterglass coating 209-.362 0.959-0.947... 

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products Manufacture of fabricated rubber and plastic products Scrap rubber and plastics, lampblack, curing compounds, dyes... 

Most black pigments are made of carbon black formed by depositing carbon from a smoky flame of natural gas on a metal surface. Lampblack is made similarly by burning oik Bone blacks are made from charred bones. Graphite occurs naturally or can be prepared from coal in electric furnaces. Mineral blacks come from shale, peat, and coal dust. Iron oxide blacks are found in nature or prepared. Blue lead sulfate is a pigment for priming. Of these, carbon black is su[XTinr. 

Kien-ol, n. pine oil, oil of turpentine, -pech, n. pine pitch, -russ, m. pine soot (form of lampblack). -stock, m. Metal.) carcass, -teer, m. pine tar. 

Lampen-arbeit, /. Glass) blast-lamp work, as distinguished from foundry work, -brenn-stunde,/. lamp hour, -docht, m. lamp wick, -faden, m. lighting filament, -fassung, /. Elec.) lamp socket, -russ, m., -schwarz, n. lampblack, -saure,/. lam pic acid. 06 . 

Russ, m. soot lampblack, carbon black (Agric.) rust, -abscheidung,/. deposition of soot, -ansatz, m. deposit of soot, russartig, a. soot-like, fuli nous. 

Russ-bildung, /. soot formation, -braun, n. bister, -brennerei. /. manufacture of lampblack. -dampf, m. sooty vapor. 

Russ-schwarz, n. lampblack, carbon black, -vorlage, /. soot collector, riisten, v.t. prepare, equip, furnish. 

Igniters. A pellet composed of 26.5% K. perchlorate, 16.6% Ba nitrate, 53,9% 50/50 Zr/Ni alloy, and 3.0% et cellulose can be used to ignite solid propint grains (Ref 25), A series of mixts of K perchlorate with powd metals and other oxidizable mat were examined as substitutes for BikPdr as a gun primer. Most of the mixts tested were found to be satisfactory and to be compatible with brass and other metals (Ref 9) Incendiary Compositions. Stoichiometric mixts of K perchlorate with metals and oxidizable mat have been proposed as incendiaries of the Thermit type and have heats of reaction as follows Al dust 2504, powd Mg 2429. red P 1477, powd S 705 and powd C (lampblack) 1118cal/g (Ref 4). A mixt of 12.5% K perchlorate, 75% powd Zr, and 12,5% of a 50/50 Al/Mg alloy is reported to be a readily-ignited incendiary (Ref 20). Mixts of powd Al and/or powd Fe with K perchlorate with 1.5—2% NC as a binder are also good incendiaries (Ref 35). 

Oxidisable organic materials of high surface to volume ratio (carbon powder, foamed elastomers, lampblack, sawdust) react very violently, even at -78°C, with perchloryl fluoride, which should be handled with the same precautions as liquid oxygen. 

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