Lactose-chitosan

Sawayanagi et al. [301] reported the fluidity and compressibility of combined powders, viz., lactose/chitin, lactose/chitosan, potato starch/chitin, potato starch/chitosan as well as the disintegration properties of tablets made from these powders in comparison with those of combined powders of lactose/MCC and potato starch/MCC. This was done in order to develop direct compression dilutents as a part of their studies on pharmaceutical applications of chitin and chitosan. 

From their investigations, it appears that the fluidity of combined powders with chitin and chitosan was greater that that of the powder with crystalline cellulose. The reported hardness of the tablets follows the order chitosan tablets >MCC> chitin. In the disintegration studies, tablets containing less than 70 % chitin or chitosan have passed the test. Moreover, the ejection force of the tablets of lactose/chitin and lactose/chitosan was significantly smaller than that of lactose/MCC tablets [301]. However, no reports are available on CDR formulations using these studies. 

Lactose as a specific ligand was used. Lactose-chitosan/DNA complexes traversed endocytic compartments more rapidly than did chitosan/ DNA complexes... 

Reductive amination of AT-succinyl chitosan and lactose using sodium cyanoborohydride in a phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) for 6 days was suitable for the preparation of lactosaminated M-succinyl chitosan (Fig. 3). Over 10% of dose/g-tissue was distributed to the prostate and lymph nodes at 48 h postadministration in both chitosan and lactosaminated N-succinyl chitosan. The labeled lactosaminated M-succinyl chitosan was easily distributed into not only the liver but also prostate, intestine, preputial gland and lymph nodes [153]. 

Fig. 11 (a) Structure of galactosylated chitosan. Figure reproduced with permission from [102], 1996 Elsevier, (b) Structure of lactose conjugated chitosan. Figure reproduced with permission from [134], 2006 American Chemical Society... 

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000, when spray-dried with lactose, has been shown to accelerate the rate and extent of crystallization of lactose. It has also been shown that spray-dried lactose composite particles containing an ion complex of chitosan are suitable for the dry-coating of tablets. Spray-dried lactose and crystallized spray-dried lactose have been evaluated for dry powder inhalation.Amorphous spray-dried lactose has also been studied in composites with PVP. ... 

Takeuchi, H., Yasuji, T., Yamamoto, H. and Kawashima, Y, Spray-dried lactose composite particles containing an ion complex of alginate-chitosan for designing a dry-coated tablet having a time-controlled releasing function, Pharm. Res., 17, 94, 2000. 

Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer Glyceryl palmitostearate Hydrogenated castor and soybean oil Microcrystalline wax Corn starch Maltodextrin Pregelatinized starch Isomalt Potato starch Citric add Sodium bicarbonate Methacrylic acid copolymer type C Chitosan Xanthan gum Agar Povidone Lactose... 

E. Marsich, M. Borgogna, 1. Donati, R Mozetic, B.L. Strand, S.G. Salvador, S. Paoletti, et al., Alginate/lactose-modified chitosan hydrogels a bioactive biomaterial for chondrocyte encapsulation, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 84 (2) (2008) 364—376. 

Donati, I., Haug, I.J., Scarpa, T. etal. (2007) Synergetic effects in semidilute mixed solutions of alginate and lactose-modified chitosan (Chitlac). Biomacromolecules, 8,957-962. 

For that purpose, disaccharides (cellobiose, lactose, etc.) having a reducing end group, are introduced, in the presence of a reductant, on chitosan in the open-chain form (Yalpani and Hall 1984). These derivatives are water soluble. Fibers made of chitin and chitosan are useful as absorbable structures and wound-dressing materials (Nakajima et al. 1984, Muzzarelli 1997, Ravi Kumar 1999). 

Shin H J, Park J M, Yang J W (1998), Continuous production of galacto-ohgosaccharides from lactose by Bullera singularis P-galactosidase immobilized in chitosan beads . Process Biochem., 33(8), lKI-191. 

Chitosan (molecular weight, 19-400 kDa degree of deacetylation, 75-98%) has been evaluated as a directly compressible vehicle for tablets, but has found limited utility due to the lack of good flow properties and compressibility. The influence of excipient (lactose, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methyl... 

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