Mark, German

DEM Deutsche Mark (German Mark - ISO currency unit)... 

Simple compounds are defined here in an unusual but practical way a simple molecule is one, that may be obtained by four or less synthetic reactions from inexpensive commercial compounds. We call a commercial compound inexpensive if it costs less or not much more than one German mark per gram. This also implies, that only those compounds that cannot be purchased inexpensively are considered as synthetic target molecules in this book. 

We divide the approximately 10,000 compounds, which cost less than two German marks per gram, into five groups ... 

The numbers in brackets indicate the approximate prices in German marks per 10 g. 

For years this was the process used to manufacture alizarin (19) although it was claimed that a more economical process would result if 2-chloroanthraquinone was used instead of silver salt (20). In 1870, the market price for 100% synthetic alizarin was 200 German marks, but by 1912 it had fallen to 5—6 marks, thereby sounding the death of natural alizarin (21). Also, dyers welcomed synthetic alizarin since it was 100% 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone natural alizarin always contained varying amounts of other polyhydroxyanthraquinones. 

The prehistory of the phase rule, the steps taken by Gibbs and the crucial importance of the rule in understanding phase equilibria, are outlined in an article published in a German journal to mark its centenary (Pelzow and Henig 1977). 

Reichs-gesrmdheitsamt, n. Government Board of Health, -kraftstoff, m. a motor fuel containing benzol, alcohol and tetralin. -mark, /. reichsmark (the German monetary unit), -patent, n. German patent. 

Weiss-kohl, m. white cabbage, common cabbage. -kreuz, n, Mil.) white cross (German marking for a lacrimator). -kupfer, n, native... 

Words ending in -it in German, as, for instance, the names of a great many minerals, should as a rule be translated with the ending -ite as, Kainit, kainite (not kainit). If it seems best to retain the original speUing of a trade name it should be placed in quotation marks or its initial letter should be capitalized as, Permutit, permutite or permutit or Permutit. 

This serendipitous discovery marked the beginning of the synthetic dyestuffs industry, based on coal tar as its main raw material, which is, incidentally, a waste product from another industry, steel manufacture. The development of mauveine was followed by efficient syntheses of natural dyes such as alizarin in 1869 (Graebe and Liebermann, 1869), and indigo in 1878 (Bayer, 1878 Heumann, 1890). The synthetic production of these dyes marked the demise of the agricultural production of these materials and the advent of a science-based, predominantly German chemical industry. The present-day fine chemicals and specialties, e.g. pharmaceuticals, industries developed largely as spin-offs of this coal tar-based dyestuffs industry. 

Emperor Charlemagne of the Franks was crowned in 800 a.d. The Frankish Empire at that time extended over what is now Germany, Italy, and France. Charlemagne died in 814 a.d., but his brief reign marked the dawn of a distinctly European culture. The artists and thinkers that helped create this European civilization drew on the ancient texts of the Germanic, Celtic, Greek, Roman, Hebrew, and... 

A comprehensive study, performed in the USA by DCMA has shown, that the metal impurity in organic pigments is markedly below legal standards [8]. Recently ETAD (see footnote p. 590) and VdMi (German Association of inorganic pigments) have published a review on colorants for food contact plastics [9],... 

Herman Francis Mark was born in Vienna on May 3, 1895. The oldest of three children and son of a family physician, he was raised in that city s Fourth District, then a semi-commercial area inhabited by lower middle class families. Mark s father was a German Jew who embraced Lutheranism on marriage. 

In reviewing Herman Mark s early years and rise to prominence as a physical scientist the author wishes to make special note of the use of an earlier profile of Prof. Mark by Morton M. Hunt (18), a special issue of Chemie Kunststoffe Aktuell (19), and two taped interview sessions with Prof. Mark (20, 21, 22). A special thanks is given to Ms. Jeanne Strauss, Phillips Petroleum Co., for her patience in clarifying a great deal of German for the author. 

Besides his fellow Austrians, Mark s close friends included Hungarians and Poles, as well as Germans. This broad mesh of backgrounds and styles of thinking was catalyzed by the unexcelled and readily available music, art, and architecture, and stimulated by such scientists as Schroedinger, Haber, Hahn,... 

Hopes and preparations almost delayed Mark s departure too long. German troops occupied Austria sooner than expected. 

Mark s open feelings about those who drove him out of Austria in 1938 are curiously free of contempt. He describes the Nazis as "misguided", and those scientists who supported them as "unfortunate". Before emmigrating from Austria he attended a conference in Mainz where a Professor Stuart sneered, "what are YOU doing here " Yet, Mark has never criticized his antagonist. After the Second World War, Mark was, in fact, very active in the reestablishment German and Austrian scientists to the World scientific community. His first action on returning to Vienna in 1947 was to call on his indirect successor at the First Chemical Institute, Professor L. Ebert, and reassure him that he would "never attempt to drive him out of the position he filled in such an excellent manner."... 

As we have discussed in the preceeding chapters, Mark rose rapidly to positions of high responsibility at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute and I.G. Farben. A young, gregarious leader among the autocratic leaders of German science and industry, he developed a style which was unique at that time and place. 

During the same period Mark was active on behalf of German scientists, he was nominated by Chaim Weizmann to head the Scientific Planning Committee of the newly established Weizmann Institute. Throwing himself into the job with unusual zest, he visited Rehovot the summer of 1946 despite the threat of terrorist attacks, and ascertained first hand the requirements of the Institure. Working closely with David and Ernst Bergmann, Aharon and Ephraim Katchalski, and C. Pekeris in Rehovot, and I. Fankuchen, K. Stern, and W. P. Hohenstein in Brooklyn, he organized many of the operational functions of the Institute and in 1947 procured its first sophisticated laboratory equipment. 

Not surprisingly, these histories differed markedly from one another according to their country of origin. Thomas Thomson s two-volume history of chemistry and Dumas s lecture course in philosophical chemistry, both published in the 1830s, present somewhat different accounts by chemists of the formation of chemistry as a discipline. Thomson gives a more favorable reading to the work of German chemists Johann J. Becher and Stahl and considerably more detail than Dumas to British chemists.38... 

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