Lack of evidence

Has the incident reflex been established as an empirical fact in the domain of physical safety Publications that demonstrate the incident reflex mainly examine Anglo-American political systems. Political, social and cultural differences (which may also lead to any threats to or violations of physical safety being appreciated differently) mean that their conclusions may not be entirely relevant to the Dutch situation. Publications by Dutch researchers on the presumed incident reflex are too anecdotal and essayistic in nature, in our view. Although the Netherlands has a sound tradition of crisis research, with Dutch scholars such as Uri Rosenthal, Mark Bovens, Paul t Hart and Arjen Boin playing an authoritative role, social scientists in the Netherlands have conducted little research on the political and administrative follow-up to incidents. Even major incidents - the catastrophic floods that struck the Netherlands in 1952, the Bijlmer Aviation Disaster in 1992, and the Enschede Fireworks Disaster in 20 o o - have not been studied in that particular way. Crisis research has focused instead on crisis management, on lessons learned in crises and on political accountability. 

If only it was a mere question of procedure. We wouldn t need politics then. (Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte at a press conference on 26 November 2010.) 

Research shows that the Dutch rulebook has grown by approximately two per cent per annum in the past thirty years (WODC 2009). Annual output of rules and regulations is relatively consistent over time (and the various ministries differ in that respect). Reactions to incidents are also only one of the possible causes of the regulatory burden. There is no evidence that the way the political and administrative system deals with incidents is the most important or most 

Because there is so little in-depth empirical research into the political and administrative follow-up to incidents, the question is what value the examples have. Which ones are exceptions, and which ones are representative Is there a pattern Do critical moments result in excessive rules and regulations, as assumed in the debate concerning the incident reflex Or is there another pattern visible in the way incidents are actually dealt with, at least in the domain of physical safety Does the initial commotion perhaps die down Since there is no valid evidence based on empirical research, the incident reflex remains, at least for the time being, a hypothesis that has yet to be tested. 

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We have already pointed out that Maher cites no historical evidence for this dramatically increased confidence beyond the award of the Davy Medal and we have shown that the citation for that award tells against his claim rather than for it. But what if—for all the lack of evidence—chemists at the time did regard the eventual discovery of germanium as a matter of course Would they have been wise to do so ... 

Level IV Undetermined level of evidence. Small uncontrolled case series of general agreement despite lack of evidence. 

Inomata, T., Rao, G.A. and Tsukamoto, H. (1987). Lack of evidence for increased lipid peroxidation in ethanol-induced centrilobular necrosis of rat liver. Liver 7, 233-239. 

RozemuUer, J.M., Eikelenboom, P., Kamphorst, W. and Stam, F.C. (1988). Lack of evidence for dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer s disease an immuno-histochemical study. Neurobiol. Aging 9, 383-391. 

One eritical factor that has been neglected in considering mechanisms of cardiac fatalities is the timeframe for various types of toxicities. For example, a majority of cocaine-related fatalities and near fatalities reported from emergency rooms are attributed to one or more types of cardiac ischemic or hypertensive episodes (Isner et al. 1986). Thus, these studies may discount the cocaine-induced arrhythmias and conduction defects as important direct causes of fatalities. Yet, if coroner reports are used as data sources (Virmani et al. 1988 Wetli and Wright 1979 Mittleman and Wetli 1984), there are great numbers of deaths in which pulmonary effusion and lack of evidence for coronary occlusion, acute myocardial infarction, or... 

The developments in the treatment of RA are tempered by the lack of evidence describing the long-term safety and efficacy of the BRMs. In addition, the cost associated with the medications can be a deterrent to use. Long-term data are needed to determine if patients receiving BRM therapy early in the course of disease have reduced disease activity, reduced joint deformities and disability, improved quality of life, and continued function as productive members of society. Cost analyses of long-term data may indicate that the increased expenses associated with BRMs are offset by the costs avoided for the treatment of advanced RA. 

Vasopressin levels are increased during hypotension to maintain blood pressure by vasoconstriction. However, there is a vasopressin deficiency in septic shock. Low doses of vasopressin increase MAP, leading to the discontinuation of vasopressors. However, routine use of vasopressin is not recommended because of lack of evidence of efficacy. Vasopressin is a direct vasoconstrictor without inotropic or chronotropic effects and may result in decreased cardiac output and hepatosplanchnic flow. Vasopressin use may be considered in patients with refractory shock despite adequate fluid resuscitation and high-dose vasopressors.24,27-28... 

Lack of evidence for dosing, however higher doses for longer duration recommended based on longer half-life of ifosfamide at high doses... 

There is no evidence that maternal consumption of caffeine, even in relatively large amounts, has any long-term effects on the offspring. However, it must be remembered that such studies are very difficult to carry out in human populations. Therefore, in my judgment, the lack of evidence linking maternal caffeine consumption with long-term consequences to the offspring does not mean that such an association does not exist. 

Harwood M, Danielewska-Nikiel B, Borselleca JF, Flamm GW, Williams GM and Lines TC. 2007. A critical review of the data related to the safety of quercetin and lack of evidence of in vivo toxicity, including lack of genotoxic/carcinogenic properties. Food Chem Toxicol 45 2179-2205. 

Lack of evidence for the involvement of cytochrome P450 or other... 

Structural Characterization. The crystal structure of 83 (Fig. 15) surprisingly revealed eight Ag+ ions coordinated to the periphery of the porphyrazine—four bound in an endocyclic fashion by the crown moieties, consistent with the optical data, and four coordinated to the meso pockets in a (S-N-S) tridentate coordination geometry. The lack of evidence for meso coordination in solution suggests a preference for the ligation of Ag+ by the crown moieties (25). 

Colony, but a lack of evidence prompted the town s leaders to let him go free. 

Adler, I.D. and Ashby, J. (1989). The present lack of evidence for unique rodent germ-cell mutagens. Mutation Res. 212 55-66. 

Haselton H. T, Hovis G. L., Hemingway B. S., and Robie R. A. (1983). Calorimetric investigation of the excess entropy of mixing in analbite-sanidine solid solutions Lack of evidence for Na, K short range order and implications for two feldspar thermometry. Amer. Mineral, 68 398-413. 

If local effects are clearly identified after repeated dosing, a NOAEL and/or LOAEL should be derived for these effects in addition to NOAEL and/or LOAEL derived for systemic effects. Supportive evidence for the occurrence or absence of local effects after repeated dermal and inhalation exposure may be available from the total toxicity profile of the substance. It should be noted that lack of evidence for local effects in any type of study (i.e., skin or eye irritation, sensitization, repeated dose toxicity study by routes other than the route of interest) does not exclude the possible occurrence of local effects upon repeated respiratory or dermal exposure (EC 2003). 

The applicability of these results to other populations (eg, those without recent Mis) is uncertain. Considering the known proarrhythmic properties of procainamide and the lack of evidence of improved survival for any antiarrhythmic drug in patients without life-threatening arrhythmias, the use of procainamide and other antiarrhythmic agents should be reserved for patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. 

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