Koppers process

In many coal- and oil-gas works in the Western States of America the Koppers process for the removal of hydrogen sulphide from the gas is employed. This consists of passing the gas up towers filled with wooden hurdles over which a dilute sodium carbonate solution is sprayed. The following reaction occurs ... 

Koppers Process (44). In the Koppers "Book Keeper" process, the books are treated with submicron particles of basic metal oxides, hydroxides, or salts of calcium, magnesium, or zinc. The particles can be applied in the paper making process or to the finished paper by electrostatic transfer such as in a xerographic process, by a dispersion in a gas, or by a suspension in an inert liquid. In the case of a liquid suspension of the particles, the liquids chosen are halogenated hydrocarbons. Typical liquids include Dupont Freon Fluorocarbons such as Freon 11 (trichloromonofluoromethane),... 

Although many mass deacidifications have been developed, it can be stated that none of the technologies offered meets all the criteria. Nevertheless, the DEZ process, Wei T o process, Kopper Process and VPD have demonstrated independently their potential for arresting paper deterioration from acid. To what extent these processes meet the criteria to be used for a practical mass deacidification process is the question that has to be answered. Accordingly, a comparison of the characteristic features of these processes is tabulated in Table I. The evaluation is based on their neutralization chemistry and effectiveness. The engineering design, safety and costs of these processes are not considered in this evaluation. 

No reports have been released yet. The effects of the chemical process on paper, covers and inks have not been published. The Koppers process appears to be a unique one with great potential for mass deacidification with success. More testings are required. As with the Wei T o process, the effect of Freon on the ozone layer of the stratosphere is a concern. 

Based on the information available today on the DEZ process, Wei T o process, Koppers process, and VPD process, it is very difficult to judge which process is the best suited to a mass deacidification process. In addition to the limitations of each process which has been discussed, data are lacking to support long-term effects on treated papers. In order to select a viable mass deacidification process, the following parameters have to be considered ... 

In such cases, the synthesis gas reactor is then equipped with an increased number of quench gas controllers in order to maintain the higher temperature rise in the individual catalyst layers to be expected due to the weaker dilution in limits. The pressure drop across the overall loop is 6 10bar. The largest plants in operation have methanol reactors with an individual capacity up to 2500tpd. Since 1976, a plant with a capacity of 50tpd has been in operation in South Africa which is fed with synthesis gas from a coal gasification unit operating to the Koppers process. 

Other crystallization methods for producing p-xylene include the Maruzen process, which uses ethylene as a direct coolant, the Arco process, which is very similar to the Amoco process, and the three-stage Kmpp-Koppers process. 

Coal-Based Partial Oxidation Processes Two commercially establislied processes utilising coal feeds are the Lurgi process (32) and the Koppers-Tot2ek process (33) the process schemes are shown ia Figures 6 and 7, respectively. 

R. WintreU, The K-T Process Koppers Commercially Proven Coal and Multi-Fuel Gasifier for Synthesis Gas Production in the Chemical andFertilkyer Industries, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, Aug. 1974. 

The internal cooling system was applied to the Fischer-Tropsch process by the U. S. Bureau of Mines (48, 49), the British Fuels Board (54), and Rheinprussen-Koppers (52, 53). The external cooling system was applied to the Fischer-Tropsch process by I. G. Farben (61). 

Interesting features of this process include the potential for one-stage methanation to completion without the need for gas recycle. This feature was cited by Chem Systems, but, according to Rheinpruessen-Koppers work on the Fischer-Tropsch (52, 53), gas recycle was necessary with high H2 CO ratios. Drawbacks include such factors as catalyst attrition (48, 50), and low volume productivities of the methanator (less than one-tenth that reported for fixed bed adiabatic reactors) (48, 50, 52, 53, 61). 

G. A. White We have looked at a case consisting of a Koppers-Totzek gas, at essentially atmospheric pressure, in combination with the COED liquefaction process. We considered the residue gas that came from gasification at atmospheric pressure, methanated it at atmospheric pressure, and took out C02 at atmospheric pressure before compression. That was the minimum cost for our system. It is obvious that each system will have some difference in economics, depending on what you can achieve by methanation. 

Ammonia stripping also removes cyanide, phenols, and other VOCs typically found in cokemaking wastewater. Phenols may also be removed by conversion into nonodorous compounds or into crude phenol or sodium phenolate by either biological means (phenol concentration <25 mg/L) or by physical processes.21 However, the Koppers dephenolization process is considered to be quite effective as it lowers the phenol content by 80 to 90% in ammonia still wastes. In this process a stream stripping process followed by mixing in a solution of caustic soda results in renewal of pure phenol with the flue gas.8... 

The Texaco gasification process, currently owned by GE, is also of the EF type. A main difference with the aforementioned technologies is that the fuel is fed as a water slurry, whereas Koppers-Totzek- and Shell-based coal gasifiers use some steam. 

BUTENEX A process for separating several C4 components from C4 hydrocarbon streams by extractive distillation using Butenex, a proprietary extraction agent. Piloted by Krupp Koppers in 1987. Several plants were being engineered in 1994. 

COMBISULF A process for removing sulfur compounds from the gases from combined-cycle power plants with integrated coal gasification. Carbonyl sulfide is removed by catalytic hydrolysis hydrogen sulfide is removed by selective absorbtion in aqueous MEDA and the sulfur is recovered from both processes by a modified Claus unit. Developed by Krupp Koppers and first operated in Spain in 1996. See PRENFLO. 

GKT A development of the Koppers-Totzek coal gasification process. 

Heinrich Koppers A fractional distillation process for separating the constituents of coal tar. In 1981 it was in use in two plants in the United Kingdom. 

KBW [Koppers Babcock Wilcox] A coal gasification process developed jointly by the Koppers Company and Babcock Wilcox, intended to supply the synthetic fuels industry. The product is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Dry, powdered coal, oxygen, and steam are injected into the reactor. The reaction temperature is sufficiently high that the ash is molten it runs down the reactor walls, is tapped out as a molten slag, and is quenched in water before disposal. In 1984, seven commercial synfuels projects planned to use this process but it is not known whether any was commercialized. 

Koppers Hasche A cyclic process for converting methane to syngas by partial oxidation over an alumina catalyst ... 

Koppers phenolate A process for removing hydrogen sulfide from coal gas by absorption in aqueous sodium phenolate. Invented in 1931 by J. A. Shaw at the Koppers Company, Pittsburgh, but possibly never used. 

Koppers-Totzek A coal gasification process using an entrained bed. The coal is finely ground and injected in a jet of steam and oxygen into a circular vessel maintained at 1,500°C. Reaction is complete within one second. The ash is removed as a molten slag. The process was invented by F. Totzek at Heinrich Koppers, Essen, and further developed by Koppers Company in Louisiana, MO, under contract with the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The first commercial operation was at Oulu, Finland, in 1952 by 1979, 53 units had been built. Most of the plants are operated to produce a hydrogen-rich gas for use in ammonia synthesis. Developed by Lurgi. See also PRENFLO. 

Krupp-Koppers (1) A process for separating / -xylene from its isomers by crystallization. In 1979, eight plants were operating. 

Krupp-Koppers (2) A process for separating butane and butene isomers from their mixtures by extractive distillation. The added solvent (Butenex) is a morpholine derivative, possibly N-formyl morpholine. 

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