Internal cooling system

The internal cooling system was applied to the Fischer-Tropsch process by the U. S. Bureau of Mines (48, 49), the British Fuels Board (54), and Rheinprussen-Koppers (52, 53). The external cooling system was applied to the Fischer-Tropsch process by I. G. Farben (61). 

A flat plate with a length of 0.8 m and a width of 1.2 m is placed in the working section of a wind tunnel in which the Mach number is 4, the temperature is -70°C, and the pressure is 3 kPa. If the surface temperature of the plate is kept at 30°C by an internal cooling system, And the rate at which heat must be added to or removed from the plate. Consider both the top and the bottom of the plate. 

Oxazolidin-2-ones and thiazolidin-2-ones. 2-Amino alcohols, such as serine, undergo cyclization while incorporating a CO unit on reaction with triphosgene (Cl3CO)2C=0. An improved procedure for preparation of the required triphosgene using an internal cooling system has been developed. ... 

More expensive internal cooling systems are ofi en not justifiable with to-daj s equipment because most blow-molding machines do not have the additional extruder capacity to support the high production rate. This is particularly true for the heavier bottles that would benefit most. As a result, only the low cost air-exchange systems have been accepted. 

The open-cycle arrangement may also be employed in an internally cooled LMFR to reduce fuel inventory, but it introduces those problems peculiar to internally cooled systems. 

Excellent thermal insulation, which eliminates or reduces the need for an additional internal cooling system... 

Figure 1 Annular extrusion die with internal cooling system for the die lip.

J. S. Matfice, Environmental Effects of Cooling Systems, Technical Report Series 202, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vieima, 1980, pp. 12—26, 148-167. 

Figure 8.3 General wastage of an aluminum water manifold from a diesel engine cooling system. Note the generally wasted internal surface due to concentrated caustic and the presence of white deposits and corrosion products.

LEC 60034-6 has specified a number of probable cooling systems, as adopted by various manufacturers. The more commonly used practices are shown in Table 1.12. According to this specification any cooling system may be expressed by the letters IC (international cooling) followed by... 

External events are accident initiators that do not fit well into the central PSA structure used for "internal events." Some "external events" such as fire due to ignition of electrical wires, or flood from a ruptured service water pipe occur inside the plant. Others, such as earthquakes and tornados, occur outside of the plant. Either may cause failures in a plant like internal events. External initiators may cause multiple failures of independent equipment thereby preventing action of presumably redundant protection systems. For example, severe offsite flooding may fli 1 the pump room and disable cooling systems. An earthquake may impede evacuation of the nearby populace. These multiple effects must be considered in the analysis of the effects of external events. 

Rudolph Diesel s original intent was to produce a low-heat-rejection internal-combustion engine without the need for a cooling system. He believed that this would provide less heat losses from the combustion process and provide him with a superior heat, or thermally efficient (TE), design concept. To his chagrin. 

The actual temperature of separation is determined by internal and external factors. The internal factor, as it was mentioned earlier, is the generated Joule heat. The external factor is the temperature control applied by the cooling system. A temperature increase decreases the viscosity of the electrolyte and increases the diffusion of the sample, resulting in zone broadening and a decrease in efficiency. 

Puckorius, P.R. 1995 Legionnaires Disease Outbreaks in USA Cooling Systems paper presented at 1st Australian Conference of the International Ozone Association February 1996... 

In spite of the usually low cooling efficiencies (see the exercise above), recent experiments have demonstrated an anti-Stokes cooling from room temperature to 77 K within a certain internal volume of Yb + doped fluorochloride and fluoride glasses under high photon irradiances (Fernandez et ai, 2000). Future practical applications of optical cooling of solids include cooling systems for spacecraft electronics and detectors, as well as for superconductive circuits. 

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