Electrostatic transference

Surge transference through a transformer (i) Electrostatic transference... 

Koppers Process (44). In the Koppers "Book Keeper" process, the books are treated with submicron particles of basic metal oxides, hydroxides, or salts of calcium, magnesium, or zinc. The particles can be applied in the paper making process or to the finished paper by electrostatic transfer such as in a xerographic process, by a dispersion in a gas, or by a suspension in an inert liquid. In the case of a liquid suspension of the particles, the liquids chosen are halogenated hydrocarbons. Typical liquids include Dupont Freon Fluorocarbons such as Freon 11 (trichloromonofluoromethane),... 

When a paper display is needed or when textual information is to be printed, as in a report, it is common to use a digital printer such as a laser jet or inkjet printer. These devices are inexpensive and provide 600 to 2400 dots per inch, more than adequate for most applications. The laser jet devices use an electrostatic transfer of black toner material to paper to form the desired image, which is then fused to the paper by passage over a heater. Color versions are available but are more expensive because they require three toner cartridges, one for each of the primary colors. The inkjet printers use movable solid-state heads with many fine holes through which small droplets of ink are ejected by selective localized heating behind the orifices. The ink is drawn by capillary action from a reservoir chamber and, by use of three primary colors, full-color images can be printed at up to 2400 dots per inch. 

Van Vaeck, L., Van Espen, P, Gijbels, R., Baykut, G, Laukien, FH. (2000) A new electrostatic transfer line for unproved transmission in Fourier transform laser microprobe mass spectrometry with external ion source. European Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 6, 277-278. 

All the assumptions involved in the Debye-Huckel approximation (DH) are incorporated in this model because approximations have been used to establish the relationship between the electrostatic transfer constant Kj and (Tb/Tf)j (where Tj is the activity coefficient of the j-th species) in terms of measurable parameters. 

Forces of Adsorption. Adsorption may be classified as chemisorption or physical adsorption, depending on the nature of the surface forces. In physical adsorption the forces are relatively weak, involving mainly van der Waals (induced dipole—induced dipole) interactions, supplemented in many cases by electrostatic contributions from field gradient—dipole or —quadmpole interactions. By contrast, in chemisorption there is significant electron transfer, equivalent to the formation of a chemical bond between the sorbate and the soHd surface. Such interactions are both stronger and more specific than the forces of physical adsorption and are obviously limited to monolayer coverage. The differences in the general features of physical and chemisorption systems (Table 1) can be understood on the basis of this difference in the nature of the surface forces. 

---