Kodak Scale

P.Y.12 has a medium yellow hue, which is used to a large extent in letterpress and offset printing inks as the yellow component in three and four color printing. To adjust P.Y.12 to the standard yellow of the European standard (Sec. 1.8.1.1), the hue may be shaded with traces of a redder component, such as one of the orange pigments P.O.13 or 34. No such shading is necessary for P.Y.12 to match the yellow on the Kodak scale. 

A chemistry based on the conversion of synthesis gas has been developed and appHed extensively in South Africa to the production of Hquid fuels and many other products. A small-scale production is used in the manufacture of photographic film materials from coal-derived synthesis gas in the Eastman Kodak plant in Kingsport, Tennessee. However, the principal production of chemicals from coal involves the by-products of coke manufacturing. 

PET producers have had to deal with recovery of scrap polymer since the 1950s, particularly when raw materials were rather expensive. Glycolysis has been and is practiced within the production setting on material of known composition and acceptable purity. Methanolysis was practiced in the United States and Europe until about 1980 as most PET production was then based on DMT and EG. Methanolysis is still practiced on post-consumer and pre-consumer X-ray film by the Eastman Kodak Company which uses the DMT and EG to make more film. Other than an occasional use of glycolysis, no other large-scale, on-going commercial use of post-consumer PET is made in developed countries. 

Measurement of Practical Photosensitivity. The photosensitivity of the polymer was measured by a gray-scale method (15) as follows. The polymer solution (10%) in cyclohexanone was cast on a copper plate by using a rotary applicator and dried. The Kodak step tablet No. 2 (Eastman Kodak Co.) was placed upon the polymer film cast on the plate, exposed on a chemical lamp (15w x 7) from 3 cm for 1 min., and then the exposed film was developed by the solvent for 2 min. 

This formula was originally designed by Marilyn Levy to record nuclear blasts on conventional films. It is capable of recording light over a 20-stop range. With modern films, the results are low in contrast. However, with films such as Kodak Technical Pan (discontinued), it produces a full gray tonal scale. 

Several large-scale industrial processes use homogeneous catalysts [e.g., hydrofor-mylation, hydrocyanation (DuPont), ethene-oligomerization (SHOP), acetic add (Eastman Kodak), acetic acid anhydride (Tennessee-Eastman), acetaldehyde (Wacker) and terephthalic acid (Amoco)] as well as smaller scale applications [e.g., metolachlor (Novartis), citronellal (Takasago), indenoxide (Merck) and glycidol (ARCO, SIPSY)]. 

There are only a handful of investigations of aging of materials at the nanometer size scale. The earliest was done by the author in collaboration with workers at Eastman Kodak in a structural recovery investigation of o-TP confined in controlled pore glasses having a variety of pore sizes [McKenna et al., 1992], This work is of interest because of the errors of interpretation made in that study. The... 

Oxidation of cellulose produces an absorbable biomaterial. Eastman Kodak pioneered an industrial scale oxidation process using nitrogen dioxide gas vapor. Johnson Johnson subsequently modified this process using nitrogen dioxide in a solvent. Maintaining control over the oxidation reaction imparts desirable physical properties and degradation characteristics to the oxidized cellulose. Applications of this material are varied and each exploits the oxidation chemistry. 

Gray scale standards of reflectance are the equivalent of neutral-density filters in transmittance spectroscopy. These materials are used in determining the linearity of detector systems for reflectance spectrophotometers. Although these materials are common in the field of photography and densitometry in the form of gray scale cards produced by Kodak and other film manufacturers, the equivalent in diffuse reflectance standards has been, until recently, difficult to produce or obtain. 

X-ray data sets were collected at the EMBL Outstation of the Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), on beamlines X-31 and X-11. The use of synchrotron radiation for data collection decreased the time required to collect one rotation by a factor of 300 (12 hours on a rotating anode versus 2 minutes on the X-11 beamline). Data sets were collected on x-ray films (Kodak) and processed using a combination of FILME [27,28], OSC [29,30], and IDXREF (from the MOSCO program package [31,32]), and scaled using PROTEIN [37]. 

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