Kinetics textiles

Etters J.N. (1994), Sorption of Disperse Dye by Polyester Fibers Boundary Layer Transitional Kinetics Textile Research Journal, 64,406-13. 

The most important UV/VIS applications have been in the fields of color measurement and color matching, areas of great importance to the dye, paint, paper, textile, and printing industries. The pharmaceutical industry has similar interests in that the use of coloring agents in formulations requires specification. Reflectance spectroscopy has been used, however, by a number of workers to study the kinetics and mechanisms associated with a variety of reactions that were found to take place in the solid state. 

Isik M, Sponza DT (2005) Substrate removal kinetics in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor decolorising simulated textile wastewater. Process Biochem 40 1189-1198... 

Michniewicz A, Ledakowicz S, Ullrich R, Flofrichter M (2008) Kinetics of the enzymatic decolorization of textile dyes by laccase from Cerrena unicolor. Dyes Pigm 77 295-302... 

After the decontamination process not the whole amount of the mustard agent is decontaminated and 2-3% of the preliminary quantity remains bonded to textile. Comparing both evaporation and decontamination the temperature has a significant influence on the kinetics of the process. At of 60°C mustard agent is not fully decontaminated in the researched period of time. 

It was previously mentioned was that a large number of minor copolymers of PET have been developed over the past 50 years, with the intent of modifying textile fiber properties and processability [2, 3], Of broader interest is that some of these textile modifications, such as PET copolymers with metal salts of 5-sulfoisophthalic acid (SIPA), have their own rich chemistries when the extent of polymer modification is increased beyond textile levels. An example of such a modification is that changing the counterions associated with SIPA can significantly effect the kinetics of polyester transesterification reactions (the... 

The workhorse polyester is polyethylene terephthalate) (PET) which is used for packaging, stretch-blown bottles and for the production of fibre for textile products. The mechanism, catalysis and kinetics of PET polymerization are described in Chapter 2. Newer polymerization techniques involving the ring-opening of cyclic polyester oligomers is providing another route to the production of commercial thermoplastic polyesters (see Chapter 3). 

A major difference between the wetting of hard (e.g. glass and metal) and soft (e.g. textile) solid surfaces is that, in the former, equilibrium tends to be established rapidly, whereas, in the latter, kinetic effects may be of considerable importance. 

Feller RL, Lee SB, Bogaard J (1986) The kinetics of cellulose deterioration. In Needles HL, Zeronian SH (eds) Historic Textile and Paper Materials Conservation and Characterization. Advances in Chemistry Series 212. ACS, Washington DC, p 329... 

Evaluation of Degradation in Museum Textiles Using Property Kinetics... 

The thermal degradation of silk was studied by Kurup-pillai, Hersh, and Tucker ( Historic Textile and Paper Materials, ACS Advances in Chemistry Series, No. 212, 1986) by measuring the tensile strength of silk fibers at various times of exposure to elevated temperature. The loss of tensile strength follows first-order kinetics,... 

Conti W and Tassinari E, Simplified kinetic model for the mechanism of pilling . Journal Textile Institute, 1974,65, 119-125. 

Aside textile and packaging applications the use of PET (Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) for structural applications is rather limited compared to equivalent polymers such as polyamides. Two main reasons can be given. Firstly, the high sensitivity of PET toward hydrolysis and its slow crystallisation kinetics constrain its processing. Secondly, its low glass transition temperature constrains its use if amorphous, whereas its weak impact resistance if semicrystalline constrains its use when crystallised. The industrial objective of this work deals with the latter of these points increasing the impact resistance of semi-crystalline PET. 

Aqueous dispersions of poly(vinyl acetate) and vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymers, homo- and copolymers of acrylic monomers, and styrene-butadiene copolymers are the most important types of polymer latexes today. Applications include paints, coatings, adhesives, paper manufacturing, leather manufacturing, textiles and other industries. In addition to emulsion polymerization, other aqueous free-radical polymerizations are applied on a large scale. In suspension polymerization a water-irnrniscible olefinic monomer is also polymerized. However, by contrast to emulsion polymerization a monomer-soluble initiator is employed, and usually no surfactant is added. Polymerization occurs in the monomer droplets, with kinetics similar to bulk polymerization. The particles obtained are much larger (>15 pm) than in emulsion polymerization, and they do not form stable latexes but precipitate during polymerization (Scheme 7.2). 

The static charge is dissipated in the environment after the separation of the surfaces. The kinetic depends on the surface characteristics. It takes less than one second if the material is a conductor, minutes or even hours if it is an insulator [111]. Static charge occurrence also depends on the ambient relative humidity. The charge on a textile can decrease markedly when the relative humidity rises from 10 to 90%. It decreases by a factor of 7 for every 10% of humidity increase [111]. 

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