Kidney obstruction

These dragp are used with caution in patients with tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, hypotension, those with a tendency toward urinary retention, those with decreased liver or kidney function, and those with obstructive disease of the urinary system or gastrointestinal tract. The anticholinergic drugp are given with caution to the older adult. 

The bile acid sequestrants are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drugs. Bile acid sequestrants are also contraindicated in those with complete biliary obstruction. These drags are used cautiously in patients with a history of liver or kidney disease Bile acid sequestrants are used cautiously during pregnancy (Pregnancy Category C) and lactation (decreased absorption of vitamins may affect the infant). 

Con A Concanavalin A COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COS Fibroblast-like kidney cell line established from simian cells CoVF Cobra venom CP Creatine phosphate Cp Caeruloplasmin c.p.m. Counts per minute CPJ Cartilage/pannus junction Cr The chemical symbol fir chromium CR Complement receptor CRl, CR2 CR4 Complement receptor types 1, 2 and 4 CR3-a Complement receptor type 3-[Pg.281]

Patients with the following conditions should use laxatives only under the supervision of a health care provider (1) colostomy (2) diabetes mellitus (some laxatives contain large amounts of sugars such as dextrose, galactose, and/or sucrose (3) heart disease (some products contain sodium (4) kidney disease and (5) swallowing difficulty (bulk-formers may produce esophageal obstruction). 

Postrenal ARF is due to obstruction of urinary outflow. Causes include benign prostatic hypertrophy, pelvic tumors, and precipitation of renal calculi.7 Rapid resolution of postrenal ARF without structural damage to the kidney can occur if the underlying obstruction is corrected. Postrenal ARF accounts for less than 10% of cases of ARF.6... 

There is significant controversy over the role of loop diuretics in the treatment of ARE Theoretical benefits in hastening recovery of renal function include decreased metabolic oxygen requirements of the kidney, increased resistance to ischemia, increased urine flow rates that reduce intraluminal obstruction and filtrate backleak, and renal vasodilation.6 Theoretically, these effects could lead to increased urine output, decreased need for dialysis, improved renal recovery, and ultimately, increased survival. However, there are conflicting... 

Hydronephrosis Distention of the pelvis and kidney with urine resulting from obstruction of the ureter. 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 649—650.) Acute hyperuricemia, which often occurs in patients who are treated with cytotoxic drugs for neoplasic disorders, can lead to the deposition of urate crystals in the kidneys and their collecting ducts. This can produce partial or complete obstruction of the collecting ducts, renal pelvis, or ureter. Allopurinol and its primary metabolite, alloxanthine, are inhibitors of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of hypo xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. The use of allopurinol in patients at risk can markedly reduce the likelihood that they will develop acute uric acid nephropathy. 

Gram-negative bacteremia Hypoalbuminemia Increased age Liver disease Obstructive jaundice Preexisting kidney disease Poor nutrition... 

There are also drugs which by themselves can cause kidney failure. The mechanisms behind drugs negative effects on the kidneys are multiple. Among the most important is diminished blood flow to the kidneys (prerenal failure). Others are immunological damages to the nephrons caused by deposition of autoimmune complexes or direct nephrotoxicity caused by for example, antibiotics. The kidney function can also be damaged by post-renal obstructions, for example, kidney stones, urethral strictures or prostate hyperplasia (Ashley 2004). 

Enhanced BUN levels clearly signify a renal dysfunction, for instance urinary tract obstruction and nephritis i.e., inflammation of the kidney. 

Cheng et al. showed that intravenous infusion of intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) AS-ODN markedly reduced ICAM-1 expression, alleviated infiltration of inflammatory cells and accumulation of extracellular matrix in the obstructed kidney of mice with unilateral obstruction of the ureter [133],... 

Hypersensitivity to these agents depressed sodium or potassium serum levels marked kidney and liver disease or dysfunction suprarenal gland failure hyperchloremic acidosis adrenocortical insufficiency severe pulmonary obstruction with inability to increase alveolar ventilation since acidosis may be increased (dichlorphenamide) cirrhosis (acetazolamide, methazolamide) long-term use in chronic noncongestive angle-closure glaucoma. 

Use with caution in patients with pyloric obstruction, urinary bladder neck obstruction, and in patients suspected of having intestinal obstruction. Use with special caution in the elderly or in individuals with impaired metabolic, liver, or kidney functions because of the increased likelihood of CNS effects. 

Chronic exposure can result in obstructive lung disease, emphysema, and kidney disease. Cadmium may also be related to increases in blood pressure (hypertension) and is a possible lung carcinogen. Cadmium affects calcium metabolism and can result in bone loss. This condition has been referred to as Itai-Itai disease, which means Ouch-Ouch in Japanese and reflects the bone pain associated with cadmium effects on calcium. 

BM bone marrow bowel movement BMT bone marrow transplantation BOO bladder outlet obstruction BP blood pressure BPH benign prostatic h5rpCTtrophy bpm beats p minute BSA body surface area BUN blood urea nitrogen (measure of hydration and kidney function) BW body weight C constipation Ca/Ca calcium CA cancCT... 

If the concentration of the sulfonamide is sufficiently high and its aqueous solubility is sufficiently low, the free drug or its metabolites may form crystals and cause bleeding or complete obstruction of the kidneys. Combinations of sulfa compounds have been developed for the purpose of lowering the dosage of individual components to reduce the chance of crystalluria (e.g., triple sulfas, such as the trisulfapyrimidines). 

Contraindications Kidney or liver dysfunction, severe pulmonary obstruction, hypersensitivity to methazolamide or any component of the formulation... 

Although the Bladder stores the urine, the Kidney controls the opening and closing of the Bladder. If heat invades the Lower-Jiao, consumes the Yin and fluid, and obstructs the Qi, turbid and scanty urine, and difficult and painful urination may appear. 

Middle-Jiao to prevent tonifying herbs obstructing the Qi movement the latter can remove the invisible phlegm and connect the Heart with the Kidney, thereby calming the mind. 

This formula can tonify the Qi of the Heart and Kidney, and promote a better connection of these two organs so as to calm the mind. It is used for treating a chronic condition of palpitations, restlessness, dizziness, mental confusion and tiredness due to Qi deficiency of the Heart and Kidney and obstruction of the Heart meridian. A rapid, rootless pulse is often palpable and a pale tongue is often observed. 

Gou Ji enters not only the Liver and Kidney meridians, but also the Du meridian it is especially effective in strengthening the bones, opening the obstruction and treating stiffness, weakness and pain of the back or the whole spinal column. 

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