Kettles

The column inventory also can be reducdd by the use of low-holdup column internals, including the holdup in the column base. As the design progresses, other features can be included to reduce the inventory. Thermosyphon reboilers have a lower inventory than kettle reboilers. Peripheral equipment such as reboilers can be located inside the column. ... 

Murrell J N, Kettle SPA and Tedder J M 1965 Vaienoe Theory 2nd edn (London Wiley)... 

However, the deposition of salts from temporarily hard water in boilers, and so on (for example the fur found in kettles) makes it desirable to soften such water for domestic and industrial use. Very... 

Kettle, S. F. A. (1995) Symmetry and Structure, 2nd edn, John Wiley, Chichester. 

The sweet water from continuous and batch autoclave processes for splitting fats contains tittle or no mineral acids and salts and requires very tittle in the way of purification, as compared to spent lye from kettle soapmaking (9). The sweet water should be processed promptly after splitting to avoid degradation and loss of glycerol by fermentation. Any fatty acids that rise to the top of the sweet water are skimmed. A small amount of alkali is added to precipitate the dissolved fatty acids and neutralize the liquor. The alkaline liquor is then filtered and evaporated to an 88% cmde glycerol. Sweet water from modem noncatalytic, continuous hydrolysis may be evaporated to ca 88% without chemical treatment. 

Corrosion of reactors used for functionalization and ia pipes and valves along transferlines for sulfuric acid is a problem that results ia maintenance shutdowns. Sufficient agitation is needed to keep the resia beads fluidized duting sulfonation. As for copolymer kettles, transfer lines should be sufficiently large to allow reasonably rapid transfer of Hquids and resia slurries. 

The pyrometaHurgical processes, ie, furnace-kettle refining, are based on (/) the higher oxidation potentials of the impurities such as antimony, arsenic, and tin, ia comparison to that of lead and (2) the formation of iasoluble iatermetaUic compounds by reaction of metallic reagents such as 2iac with the impurities, gold, silver and copper, and calcium and magnesium with bismuth (Fig. 12). 

Typically, for every tonne of Parkes cmst charged to ahquation kettle, about 0.25 t of triple alloy and 0.1 t of slag are generated. The triple alloy generally contains 30% silver, 10% lead, and 60% 2inc. 

The lead contains residual calcium and magnesium that must be removed by chlorination or treatment with caustic and niter. The molten lead is pumped or laundered to the casting kettles in which it is again treated with caustic and niter prior to mol ding, After a final drossing, the refined lead is cast into 45-kg pigs or 1- and 2-t blocks. 

Because polymerizations are accompanied by the Hberation of considerable heat, the chances of a violent or mnaway reaction must be avoided. This is most easily done by gradual addition of the reactants to the kettle. Usually the monomers are added from weighing or measuring tanks situated close to the kettle. The rate of addition of monomer is adjusted to permit removal of heat. A supply of inhibitor is kept on hand to stop the polymerization if the cooling becomes inadequate. 

Initiators, usually from 0.02 to 2.0 wt % of the monomer, are dissolved in the reaction solvents and fed as a separate stream to the kettle. Because oxygen is an inhibitor of methacrylic polymerizations, its presence is undesirable. When the polymerization is carried out below reflux temperatures, oxygen concentration is lowered by a sparge with carbon dioxide or nitrogen, and a blanket of the inert gas is then maintained over the polymerization mixture. 

During manufacture, considerable care is exercised to reduce the potential for violent polymerizations, and to reduce exposure to flammable and potentially toxic monomers and solvents. Recent environmental legislation governing ak quaHty has resulted in completely closed kettle processes for most p olymerizations. 

Direct Saponification. Direct saponification of fats and oils is the traditional process utilized for the manufacturing of soap. Commercially this is done through either a kettle boiling batch process or a continuous process. 

Fig. 3. Brewing (1 = mash turn 2 = mash kettle 3 = lauter tun 4 = wort kettle 5 = hop strainer 6 = wort tank 7 = wort separator and,...

Fig. 8. Wort filtering in a whirlpool (1 = wort kettle 2 = hop strainer 3 = whirlpool tank and, 4 = wort cooler).

The separation of hops from the boiled wort has been accelerated by the use of hop pellets or hop extract. The wort is transferred directly from the wort kettle to a whirlpool where the hops are separated along with the hot sludge. Whirlpools have become popular because of their low operating costs. 

Fig. 1. Geneialized veitical cioss-section of a calcining kettle.

Fig. 2. Time—tempeiatuie piofile foi kettle calcination. Points A—B lepiesent the fill period B—C, the boil or drag C—D, falling rate or cook-off D,...

---