Kettle boilers

Kessel-niederscUag, m. deposit in a kettle, boiler or reservoir, -ofen, m. pot furnace crucible furnace. -rohr, n. boiler tube, -spaonung,/. boiler pressure, -speisewasser, n. boiler feed water, -speisimg, /. boiler feeding, boiler feed. 

Probably only 20 percent of process plant operators or engineers ever work on the sort of boilers shown in Figs. 15.2 and 15.3. However, 90 percent of process plant personnel will, at one time or another, in all likelihood operate a waste-heat boiler. In many petroleum refineries and chemical plants, most of the plant s steam is generated in such waste-heat boilers. One of the most common such boilers is the kettle boiler, shown in Fig. 15.4. 

The hot oil to the kettle boiler is a circulating pumparound stream, from a fluid catalytic cracker fractionator, slurry-oil circuit. There is a fundamental difference between this sort of boiler and the utility plant boilers discussed previously. In the kettle boiler, the heating medium is inside, rather than outside, the tubes. To obtain the full capacity of... 

This reaction, however, also increases the concentration of carbonate ions, causing solid calcium carbonate to form. This solid is the boiler scale that coats the walls of containers such as industrial boilers and tea kettles. Boiler scale reduces the efficiency of heat transfer and can lead to blockage of pipes (see Fig. 17.7). 

The precipitated calcium carbonate is the fur (or scale ) formed in kettles, boilers. 

Ordinary level control does not work in steam drums or kettle boilers. The problem is the lower density of the boiling water as compared to the greater density of the non-boiling hot water in the external level sensing chamber. I ve addressed this problem in my book, Troubleshooting Process Plant Control (Wiley, 2009). 

However, the deposition of salts from temporarily hard water in boilers, and so on (for example the fur found in kettles) makes it desirable to soften such water for domestic and industrial use. Very... 

Kessel, m. kettle, caldron, copper boiler tank kier still basin, reservoir kennel, -asche, /. potash (potassium carbonate), -betrieb, m. boiler operation, -blech, n. boiler plate, boiler iron, -dampf, m. boiler steam, live steam, -druck, m. boiler preasure. -fabrik, /. boiler factory, -farberei, /. kettle dyeing. 

Electric storage hot water heaters and instantaneous water heaters are used for simple domestic applications and are not considered in this text. For many smaller HW and lower pressure steam generation applications (including bakery ovens and proofers, jacketed kettles, fish pots and other cooking equipment, wineries, breweries, textiles, laundries, phosphatizing processes, humidification, steam baths, clean rooms, and pharmaceuticals), electric boilers offer significant advantages over fossil-fuel boilers and are often the product of choice. 

To make a cappuccino coffee, pass high-pressure steam through a cup of cold milk to make it hot, then pour coffee through the milk froth. The necessary steam comes from a kettle or boiler. 

A kettle or boiler heats water to its boiling point to effect the process ... 

People whose houses are built on chalky ground find that their kettles and boilers become lined with a hard scale . We say that the water in the area is hard , meaning that minute amounts of chalk are dissolved in it. The hard layer of scale is chalk that precipitated onto the inside surface of the kettle or boiler during heating. 

EDTA titrations are routinely used to determine water hardness in a laboratory. Raw well water samples can have a significant quantity of dissolved minerals that contribute to a variety of problems associated with the use of such water. These minerals consist chiefly of calcium and magnesium carbonates, sulfates, etc. The problems that arise are mostly a result of heating or boiling the water over a period of time such that the water is evaporated, and the calcium and magnesium salts become concentrated and precipitate in the form of a scale on the walls of the container, hence the term hardness. This kind of problem is evident in boilers, domestic and commercial water heaters, humidifiers, tea kettles, and the like. 

When Berzelius visited Paris in 1818, he inspected a lead-chamber plant in which sulfuric acid was made by burning sulfur with saltpeter, the daily output being 300 pounds. The acid was condensed first in a lead caldron and then in a platinum boiler. This plant had three pairs of lead chambers and two small platinum kettles, each of which had a capacity of from 2 to 21/a gallons. The cost of the two platinum kettles was 9000 francs (15). 

The old boilers or kettles of the Indians, continued Kalm, were either made of clay or of different kinds of potstone [lapis ollaris].. .. A few of the oldest Swedes could yet remember seeing the Indians boil their meat in these pots.. . . The Indians, notwithstanding their being unacquainted with iron, steel, and other metals, have learnt to hollow out very ingeniously these pots or kettles of potstone. The old tobacco-pipes of the Indians are likewise made of clay or potstone or serpentine-stone (124). 

The Caldrons.—The boilers or caldrons used in tlio soap manufacture are formed of cast-iron or wrought-iron plate. Their capacity varies according to the quantity of soap to he produced at each operation. The pan or kettle is fixed in the brickwork, and so built round that the heat acts solely on the bottom. Before the repeal of the soap duty, the waste lies wore required... 

To compensate for this problem, the top tube of the tube bundle should be kept well below the top of the kettle. This also will help retard entrainment of boiler feedwater in the steam. 

At PPG Industries in Lake Charles, Louisiana, numerous instrument loops provide critical safety, alarm, and shutdown functions. These protective instruments are located on reactors, oil heaters, incinerators, cracking furnaces, compressors, steam-heated vaporizers, kettles, distillation columns, boilers, turbines, and other critical equipment. Process analyzers and flammable vapor detectors also enhance the overall process safety environment. [8]... 

The carbonate ions recombine with calcium ions to form calcium carbonate deposits. These deposits form a coating on heating elements in kettles and boilers, and build up inside hot water pipes. The coating is commonly called boiler scale. (See Figure 9.9.) It not only reduces the flow of water in pipes, but it also increases the cost of heating the water. 

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