Kettle test

In order to keep conditions as constant as possible the constant pH "Kettle Test was used to evaluate a large series of corrosion inhibitors of which a few results are shown in Fig. 1, represented according to Eq 3. The inhibitors were intended for use in oil field systems and were, therefore, tested in fluids containing brine and a hydrocarbon phase saturated with 1 bar CO2. The results show the following ... 

FIG. 2—Non>pH compensated std. kettle test (note that the blank corrosion rate was assumed to be 220 mpy, although in a floating pH test the blank rate la not defined). 

The world, however, is not unidimensional, and there are many more parameters that affect inhibitor performance, including their interactions. One parameter that has caused workers in this field much concern and consternation is the flowrate under which the inhibitors are tested. Table 1 below summarizes some results obtained under controlled constant pH and various degrees of agitation in Kettle Test arrangements. Even though the experimental design was not complete, the data show that with the exception of Inhibitor D the other three are either pH or flow sensitive or both. 

FIG. 9—Effect of precorrosion on inhibitor performance. Constant pH kettle test, 55°C, 1 bar CO2,100 ppm inhibitor. Corrosion rates monitored by Fe-counts or weight loss corrected LPR measurements. 

A circular specimen of about 38-mm (I.5-iu) diameter is a convenient shape for laboratory corrosion tests. With a thickness of approximately 3 mm Vh in) and an 8- or Il-mm- (yi6- or Vifi-in-) diameter hole for mounting, these specimens will readily pass through a 45/50 ground-glass joint of a distiUation kettle. The total surface area of a circular specimen is given by the equation ... 

Twenty-four hundred grams (25.6 mol) of phenol, 1645 g of 37 wt % formaldehyde (20.3 mol), and 30 g (0.33 mol) of oxalic acid were charged to a 5-L, three-necked resin kettle. The mixture was stirred and refluxed until the distillate was free of formaldehyde (1-3 h) then water was distilled from the mixture until the resin temperature reached 154°C. The viscosity of the resin at this point at 150°C was such diat 105 s was required for flow in an inclined plate test. The pressure was slowly reduced while a slow current of nitrogen was bubbled through the resin, and the mixture was heated to 175°C at 6 mm Hg. Approximately 6 wt % phenol was recovered then the resin was poured into an aluminum dish and cooled. The resin had a melt viscosity of 510 s at 150°C. 

DeNoyelles, F., Jr. and W.D. Kettle. 1985. Experimental ponds for evaluating bioassay predictions. Pages 91-103 in T.P. Boyle (ed.). Validation and Predictability of Laboratory Methods for Assessing the Fate and Effects of Contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems. ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 865. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. 

Last relief valve inspection and testing for Kettles and Catalyst Storage tanks. (Maintenance records)... 

Ditto in 1/8 Al—50% expls and 50% unaffected Sand Test-See Brisance by Sand Test Sensitivity to Impact—See Impact Sensitivity Sensitivity to Initiation—See Initiation, Sensitivity to Stability Test—See Vacuum Stability Test Vacuum Stability Test at 120°—0.37cc of gas evolved in 40 hrs from 1 g sample Velocity of Detonation—See Detonation Rate Viscosity, Efflux-24.8 Saybolt Seconds Method of manuf of HTA—3 is similar to that used for Torpex, namely purified TNT is melted by heating it to ca 100° in a steam-jacketed kettle, equipped with a stirrer. Water wet HMX is added slowly to molten TNT, while continuing to stir it and to heat, until all the water is evapd. Aluminum powder is added and the mixture continued to be stirred until uniform and then cooled, with stirring, to obtain a slurry suitable for pouring into shells or bombs to serve as their bursting charges Refs 1) G. Silvestro H. Will III, PA Instrumentation Rept 1232—58 (1958) (Suitability of HTA-3 as HE) 2) Anon, AMCP 706-177 (1967), pp 178-81 362 (Torpex) (1971), pp 178-81... 

Maintain temperature (about 4 h) until 99% conversion is obtained and determined by oven percent nonvolatile tests aliquot samples from the kettle are placed in convection oven at 105°C to determine volatile components. 

Tests in laboratory columns have indicated that to ensure adequate removal of the low-boiling impurities, 500 lb (227 kg) of the dye intermediate is lost in the low boiler s cut. Similarly, high boilers remaining in the kettle at the end of the distillation will retain 500 lb (227 kg) of the coproduct. This leaves 9500 lb (4320 kg) of the two recoverable products. The specification for the dye intermediate... 

The overall effect of these representations of Watt in statuary and in the story of the kettle was to help to create what I call the mechanical Watt . These images powerfully reinforced the textual generation of the mechanical Watt, a process that I will chart in the next two chapters, and ensured that the chemical Watt remained hidden from view. The mechanical Watt came in two flavours. Some tried to construct Watt as a philosopher-engineer , maintaining that his work was philosophical in nature being based in experimental test and philosophical inquiry. One result of this was a tendency to find in Watt characteristics that anticipated mid-nineteenth centuryphilosophical engineeringof the sort increas-... 

The first step in the manufacture of TNT is the the nitration. This reaction is carried out in a large vessel called the nitrator. This nitrator is generally a cylindrical kettle or tank, built of either an acid-proof cast metal or of boiler plate. The material of which the nitrator is built should be thoroughly tested with the acids of various concentrations met with in the manufacture of the product. The nitrator must be well equipped with cooling coils and heating coils so placed that the temperature of the reacting mixture... 

A10.5.1.2 All glass test vessels must be carefiilly cleaned by standard laboratory practices, acid-cleaned (e.g. HCl) and subsequently rinsed with de-ionized water. The test vessel volume and configuration (one- or two-litre reaction kettles) should be sufficient to hold 1 or 2 / of aqueous medium without overflow during the agitation specified. If air buffering is used (tests carried out at pH 8), it is advised to increase the air buffering capacity of the medium by increasing the headspace/liquid ratio (e.g. 1 / medium in 2.8 / flasks). 

Compared to the physical/chemical test systems, the characterisation of biological test systems is quite another kettle of fish (literally ). Such test systems have not only to be described by a few specifications provided by the manufacturer , but they have to be cared for, properly housed or sited, they may need acclimatisation to the test environment before use, and their characteristics may need to be re-ascertained on a regular basis. They may react very sensitively to disturbances in their environment, and therefore the quality of the data obtained from these test systems can be ensured only through the establishment of the proper conditions. Consequently, the list of points to be observed with biological test systems for ensuring their GLP-compliance is more extensive than the one for the physical/chemical systems. 

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