Kara Sea

Carroll J, Boisson F, Teyssie J-L, et al. 1999. Distribution coefficients (Kd s) for use in risk assessment models of the Kara Sea. Appl Radiat Isot 51 121-129. 

Fukuoka, Japan [20] ). A "Tc level of 63-197 mBqm 3 has been reported by Strand et al. [26] for the contamination of the Barents and Kara Seas. 

Soviet Union, 1984 Ringed seal, Phoca hispida-, Kara Sea, Russian Arctic 100 FW 83... 

Nakata, H., S. Tanabe, R. Tatsukawa, Y. Koyama, N, Miyazaki, S. Belikov, and A. Boltunov. 1998. Persistent organochlorine contaminants in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Kara Sea, Russian Arctic. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 1745-1755. 

Kara Sea Novaya Zemlya Trough, Russia 86 samples from 9.5-240 Galasso, Siegel and Kravitz (2000)... 

Galasso, J.L., Siegel, F.R. and Kravitz, J.H. (2000) Heavy metals in eight 1965 cores from the Novaya Zemlya Trough, Kara Sea, Russian Arctic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(10), 839-52. 

Loring, D.H., Dahle, S., Naes, K. et al. (1998) Arsenic and other trace metals in sediments from the Kara Sea and the Ob and Yenisey estuaries, Russia. Aquatic Geochemistry, 4(2), 233-52. 

Field observations in the Kara Sea in 1992-1995 have resulted in the conclusion that there have been no substantial emissions from radioactive burial sites in the area. 

Aibulatov (2000) pointed out that, judging from the 137Cs distribution patterns in the Kara Sea, it becomes evident that the Yenisey and Ob Rivers (less evident, however, in the latter case) should be considered as transport channels for inputs... 

Arctic fjords have been classified into categories of comparatively clean, contaminated, heavily contaminated, and potentially contaminated. Contaminated areas include, for instance, Kola Gulf and, probably, all the fjords of the northern Kola Peninsula west of Murmansk. The content of radionuclides in phytobenthos, in the coastal zone east of Murmansk, is low. Evidently, there has not recently been any serious radionuclide penetration into this area. The low gamma-nuclide level (1 Bq/kg-3 Bq/kg) is typical for the zoobenthos of the Barents Sea. This is also true for the Kara Sea. 

The aquatories of the White, Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas are subject to visible variations in radionuclear pollution. The accumulation of radionuclides is observed in the Central aquatory of the Arctic Basin. The aquageosystems of the Greenland and Kara Seas have currently unknown factors that allow radionuclear... 

A degree of stability can be observed in the vertical distribution of radionuclides. This is generally achieved between 5 and 7 years following initial moment t0 with the exception of the East Siberian, Laptev and Kara Seas where the stabilization processes of vertical distribution are delayed by 10-12 years. 

The SSMAE allows for estimation of the flow of pollutants between the different water areas of the Arctic Basin. For example, the transport of heavy metals and oil hydrocarbons from the Barents Sea to the Kara Sea is 631 kg yr 1 and 473kgyr 1, respectively. The total flow of pollutants from the Russian coastline to Alaska varies in Table 6.10 between 0.3% and 0.9% of the initial flow. As is evident from curves 3 and 4 of Figure 6.8, the flow of the Ob and Yenisey Rivers has practically no influence on the pollution level of Arctic waters near Alaska. This effect does not change over time. 

Figure 6.8. Dependence of the concentrations of heavy metals (ip + e) and radionuclides (e =137Cs+60Co) at different geographical points as a function of the flow (F) of the Of/ and Yenisey Rivers to the Kara Sea. The interval between the dashed lines corresponds...

The Yenisey River flows northward to the Kara Sea along the boundary between the western Siberian floodplain and the central uplands, draining an area of about... 

Computer experiments show that the input of radionuclear pollution to the Kara Sea from the Yenisey River is stable with a dispersion equal to 32%. The role of the AYRS ecosystem in transforming radionuclear pollution is disregarded because it is negligible (<3%). Vertical transport by organisms varies from 0.1% to 0.7%. Such calculations can be carried out for different scenarios. 

The AYRSSM allows us to estimate the dependence of pollution level in the AYRS estuary as a function of anthropogenic activity. Suppose that the intensity of sources of heavy metals is such that their concentration in the water near Angarsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, and Ust-Ilimsk can be described by a stationary function, supporting heavy metal concentrations at level h at each of these cities. Computer experiments show that there is a stable correlation between h, the heavy metal concentration in the AYRS estuary, and the water flow rate fi. An increase in h of 10% leads to a rise of pollution input to the Kara Sea by 2.5%. An increase in h of 1% leads to a rise of pollution input to the Kara Sea by 0.7%. These results are correct only when variances in values fi and h are close to their average estimates. Near their critical values the estimates are unstable and more detailed models are required. 

The joint U.S./Russian expedition to Siberia s Angara and Yenisey Rivers detected synthetic contaminants in water and sediment samples from industrial regions and wilderness areas. On-site analysis using sensitive instrumentation revealed radionuclides, heavy metals, and volatile organic compounds. The results indicate that the nuclear production facility near Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisey River has introduced radioactive contamination far downstream and is a probable source of previously detected radioactivity in the Yenisey estuary at its outlet into the Kara Sea. 

Figure 8.8 Conservative behavior of DOM versus salinity in the Ob and Yenisei estuaries, located adjacent to the Kara Sea in the Arctic Ocean. (Modified from Kohler et al., 2003.)...

Dahle, S., Savinov, V.M., Matishov, G.G., Evenset, A., and Naes, K. (2003) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bottom sediments of the Kara Sea shelf, Gulf of Ob and Yenisei Bay. Sci. Total Environ. 306, 57-71. 

The very first NS with LMC (design 645) was equipped with two-reactor Power Reactor Installation (PRI). After the port-side-reactor accident during the second fuel lifetime (1968), the NS was kept afloat for some period. Then, after filling of free reactor cavities and the whole Reactor Compartment (RC) with preservative agents, the NS was dumped in the Kara Sea close to the Novaya Zemlia (New Land) archipelago at 50-m depth (1981). Some characteristics of NS, design 645, are given in Table 2. 

In compliance with the main functions to be fulfilled and with due regard for the main area of future running (the Barents Sea, the White Sea and the Kara Sea), the specialized vessel is to comply with LU4 Ice Code of the Russian Maritime Traffic Register at the least and be equipped with appropriate reinforcement of the hull to comply with LU5 Ice Code. 

SPA Typhoon obtains additional information in the course of casual expedition surveys in individual regions and thanks to participation in different international projects. As the result of 1992-2002 expedition smveys performed in radiation-hazardous facility location areas in Kola Gulf, the Kara Sea, Novaya Zemlia bays and the Japan Sea their 3D effects on the environment were discovered, and the contamination levels in seawater, bottom sediments and biota were established. 

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