Kairomones

Kairomone attractants Kaizen Kala-azar Kale... 

R. L. Metcalf and E. R. Metcalf, Plant Kairomones in Insect Ecology and Control, Chapman Hall, New York, 1992. 

Parasitic hymenoptera hold promise in integrated pest management schemes, because they parasitize many economically important insect pests in a species-and stage-selective manner. The pheromones and kairomones of the parasitic hymenoptera have been studied for a long time, and there are many examples where there is evidence of chemical mediation of parasitoid behavior. This review emphasizes work done since the last major reviews [11, 12, 42] and, where it is available, on the primary bioassay-guided chemical identification of the semiochemical (Fig. 2 and Tables 3 and 4). 

Taxon Host [stage] Kairomone [parasitoid response] Chemical Name(s) Ref. 

Head Kairomone components from head of robber bee Lestrimelitta limao that induce defensive behavior Citral 85 86, 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one 106 [156]... 

All of the long-range kairomones attractive to parasitoids that have been identified thus far are sex pheromones of the hosts. However, we are probably aware of only a small fraction of the predators and parasites that are eavesdropping on the pheromonal communications of their prey or hosts. While the evolution of individuals that are as inconspicuous as possible to their enemies is favored, it is impossible for a species to completely avoid emitting chemical signals. Thus, pheromones that are important to reproduction or other vital functions, and are good indicators of the presence of a species, are available for predators or parasitoids to exploit. 

Howard, R.W. and Flinn, P.W. 1990. Larval trails of Cryptolestesferrugineus (Coleoptera Cucujidae) as kairomonal host-finding cues for the parasitoid Cephalonomia waterstoni (Hymenoptera Bethylidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83, 239-245. 

Stibor H, Navarra DM (2000) Constraints on the plasticity of Daphnia magna influenced by fish-kairomones. Func Ecol 14 455 459... 

Morphological, behavioural and life-history responses to the chemical presence of kairomones from potential predators are comprehensively surveyed by Lass and Spaak (2003). Phenotypic plasticity that has been intensely studied in freshwater ecosystems is reviewed by Miner et al. (2005) and van Holthoon et al. (2003). Behavioural responses to kairomones are treated by von Elert and Pohnert (2000). 

The terminology used in this research area is not well established in the chemical community while the term pheromone is widely known, semio-chemical is not. Nevertheless, chemicals used in the communication between individuals are correctly called semiochemicals recently the equivalent term infochemicals was introduced. These compounds can be further divided into pheromones, compounds used in communication between individuals of the same species, while allelochemicals serve interspecific communication. Most pheromones are releasers, i.e. they provoke a behavioral change in the receiver. More rare are primers, which provoke physiological changes. Allelochemicals can be divided into kairomones, which are advantageous for the receiver, while the emitter benefits from allomones. Synomones are advantageous for both the emitter and the receiver. 

Dicke M, Vanbeek TA, Posthumus MA, Bendom N, Vanbokhoven H, Degroot AE (1990) Isolation and identification of volatile kairomone that affects acaiine predator-prey interactions -involvement of host plant in its production. J Chem Ecol 16 381-396... 

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