Alarm pheromones kairomone

Camphor and <7-limonene are allomones in that the trees which produce them are protected from insect attack by their presence. For instance, Arthur Birch, one of the great terpene chemists of the twentieth century, reported finding d-limonene in the latex exuded by trees of the species Araucaria bidwilli.1 2 These trees are protected from termite attack because the d-limonene they produce is an alarm pheromone for termites that live in the same area. Similarly, antifeedants could be considered to be allomones since the signal generator, the plant, receives the benefit of not being eaten. Myrcene is a kairomone, in that it is produced by the ponderosa pine and its presence attracts the females of the bark beetle, Dendroctonous brevicomis. Geraniol is found in the scent of many flowers such as the rose. Its presence attracts insects to the flower and it can be classified as a synomone since the attracted insect finds nectar and the plant obtains a pollinator. 

Controversy on the use of the terms pheromone, allomone and kairo-mone has been a problem in chemical ecology 122, 123, 135-145). When Karlson and Luscher 121) proposed the term pheromone, they stated that strict species-specific activity is not required certain overlaps between closely related species may occur . Indeed, Haskins et al. 146) reported that formic acid, a potent alarm pheromone and the defensive secretion (thus an allomone) from Camponotus sp. is also an effective kairomone for its predator Myrmecia gulosa, because it induces more vigorous attacks by M. gulosa on Camponotus. 

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