Kaempferol from

By similar procedures we isolated and identifled free kaempferol from the ethyl acetate residue of an ethanolic extract of goldenrod inflorescences (solid triangle profile. Figure 2) as a weak rootworm deterrent. This flavonol was previously reported from S. canadensis (116). In order of richness (amounts per weight tissue) in floral phenolics, goldenrod was greater than sunflower which was richer than com tassel (Figure 2). 

Additional information on chemical variation within this species came from studies of exudate and internal (vacuolar) pigments based on broader collections of the fern (Star et al., 1975a, b). Exudate flavonoids, identified from specimens representing the range of the species, were identified as ceroptene [221], the C-methylflavonol pityrogrammin [222], and two derivatives of kaempferol, the 4 -methyl ether [223] and the 7,4 -dimethyl ether [224] (see Fig. 2.69 for stmctures 221-224). 

An examination of the flavonoids of Villarsia (Bohm et al., 1986) revealed a heterogeneous array of flavonol glycosides, based upon kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin, with each species exhibiting a unique assortment. Surprisingly, there were greater similarities between the pigment profile of V capensis and species from eastern Australia, V exaltata (Soland. ex Sims) G. Don from Tasmania and V. reniformis R. Br. from New South Wales, than with species native to... 

A detailed study of the flavonoid chemistry of the island endemics, the closely related G. tinctoria, and live additional species from the mainland provided additional evidence pointing toward G. tinctoria as the ancestral species (Pacheco et al., 1993). The flavonoid profiles of all species consisted of flavonol glycosides as major components with an unidentified flavone glycoside and several unidentified phenolic compounds (presumably not flavonoids). The pattern of distribution of the flavonol glycosides and unidentified flavones within the set of nine species proved to be extremely informative. (The phenols were ubiquitous and are not considered further.) Kaempferol glycosides were seen in neither the island species nor G. tinctoria, but were present, in several combinations, in the rest of the mainland taxa. The isorhamnetin glycosides showed the reverse pattern, with one exception the island endemics and G. tinctoria exhibited these compounds, whereas four of the other mainland species did not. The sole exception is G. boliviari, which exhibited one of the isorhamnetin derivatives. 

ROTH A, scHAFFNER w and BERTEL c (1999) Phytoestrogen kaempferol (3,4, 5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) protects PC 12 andT47D cells from beta-amyloid-induced toxicity. JNeurosci Res. 57 (3) 399-404. 

Effects of Allelochemlcals on ATP Supply. Allelochemlcals might decrease the ATP content of tissue by either increasing ATP utilization or decreasing ATP production. Some allelochemlcals that inhibit mineral absorption decrease ATP content of plant tissues. Salicylic acid decreased the ATP content of oat roots in a pH dependent manner (Figure 3). This result suggested that mitochondrial production of ATP was decreased in the tissue. On the other hand, Tillberg (38) found that salicylic acid and cinnamic acid increased the ATP content of Scenedesmus. Various flavonoids inhibited ATP production by mitochondria Isolated from cucumber (Cucumls satlvus L.) hypocotyls (54). Flavones such as kaempferol were more inhibitory than the corresponding flavanones. Substituted cinnamic acids such as caffeic acid were not inhibitory. 

Mild extraction was also found to be effective in the analysis of extracts of Flaveria haumanii, l in which quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin as well as their glycosides and sulfate esters were identified. The obtained results were useful in the identification of the colourants from fibres from pre-Columbian Andean textiles extracted with the use of water-methanol solution with formic or hydrochloric acid. The components of each extract were separated on a reversed phase HPLC column and the eluates were monitored at... 

Polyphenols, as one of the largest and most widespread class of plant compounds, are also present in saffron stigma. In the mass spectrum of the flavonoid fraction of the methanolic extract from saffron there were ions at m/z 611 and 633 which may be attributed to protonated and sodiated quasi-molecular ions of kaempferol diglycoside. [22] Flavonoids from the water extract can be isolated and concentrated... 

---