Batteries: alkaline, 169 rechargeable

Morioka Y, Narukawa S, Itou T (2001) State-of-the-art of alkaline rechargeable batteries. J Power Sources 100 107-116... 

Cao, M., He, X., Chen,). and Hu, C. (2007) Self assembled nickel hydroxide three dimensional nanostructures A nanomaterial for alkaline rechargeable batteries. Crystal Growth Design, 7, 170-174. 

Alkaline polymer gel electrolytes are commonly used in all- solid-state alkaline rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. The typically used electrode materials for supercapacitors... 

Nickel cadmium and nickel iron are the prime examples of alkaline rechargeable batteries, which were invented again within years of each other by Waldemar Jungner in Sweden and the ever inventive Thomas Edison. Here again both the inventors laid the foundation of major battery businesses. 

The polymer-lithium salt system seems to be the most widely studied polymer electrolyte, due to its potential application in lithium high density batteries and ECD. Such electrolytes should be completely anhydrous and therefore, must be prepared and kept under moisture-free conditions. While gel-type electrolytes based on the PEO-KOH " and PVA-KOFI-H2O alkaline SPE systems have been reported, such alkaline electrolytes are interesting from the point of view of their potential application in all-solid alkaline rechargeable batteries and ECD. 

Table 1. Rechargeable Alkaline Storage Battery Systems...

The demand for electrically operated tools or devices that can be handled independently of stationary power sources led to a variety of different battery systems which are chosen depending on the field of application. In the case of rare usage, e.g., for household electric torches or for long-term applications with low current consumption, such as watches or heart pacemakers, primary cells (zinc-carbon, alkaline-manganese or lithium-iodide cells) are chosen. For many applications such as starter batteries in cars, only rechargeable battery systems, e.g., lead accumulators, are reasonable with regard to costs and the environment. 

Many types of rechargeable batteries are much more portable than a car battery. For example, there is now a rechargeable version of the alkaline battery. Another example, shown in Figure 11.20, is the rechargeable nickel-cadmium (nicad) battery. Figure 11.21 shows a nickel-cadmium cell, which has a potential of about 1.4 V. A typical nicad battery contains three cells in series to produce a suitable voltage for electronic devices. When the cells in a nicad battery operate as galvanic cells, the half-reactions and the overall cell reaction are as follows. 

Nickel(lll) oxide, prepared from a nickel(ii) salt and sodium hypochlorite, is used for the oxidation of alkanols in aqueous alkali [46]. Residual nickel(Ii) oxide can be re-activated by reaction with sodium hypochlorite. Nickel oxides have also long been used in the manufacture of the positive pole in the Edison nickel-iron rechargeable battery, now largely superseded by die lead-acid accumulator, and in the Jungner nickel-cadmium batteries used as button cells for calculators [47]. Here, prepared nickel oxide is pressed into a holding plate of perforated nickel. Such prepared plates of nickel(lli) oxide have been proposed as reagent for the oxidation, in alkaline solution, of secondary alcohols to ketones and primary alcohols to carboxylic acids [48]. Used plates can be regenerated by anodic oxidation. 

The world market for batteries of all types now exceeds 100 billion. Over half of this sum is accounted for by lead-acid batteries - mainly for vehicle starting, lighting and ignition (SL1), and industrial use including traction and standby power, with about one-third being devoted to primary cells and the remainder to alkaline rechargeable and specialist batteries. 

TABLE 1. RECHARGEABLE ALKALINE STORAGE BATTERY SYSTEMS... 

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