Iron compounds Copper sulfate

Plants can also be pests that need to be controlled, particulady noxious weeds infesting food crops. Prior to 1900, inorganic compounds such as sulfuric acid, copper nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium salts were used to selectively control mustards and other broadleaved weeds in cereal grains. By the early 1900s, Kainite and calcium cyanamid were also used in monocotyledenous crops, as well as iron sulfate, copper sulfate, and sodium arsenate. Prom 1915 to 1925, acid arsenical sprays, carbon bisulfate, sodium chlorate, and others were introduced for weed control use. Total or nonselective herbicides kill all vegetation, whereas selective compounds control weeds without adversely affecting the growth of the crop (see Herbicides). 

As to catalytic reactions in homogeneous media, Moritz Traube found in his studies of the oxidation of hydrogen iodide by hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution, that the catalyst ferrous sulfate is activated by copper sulfate (5). As to the magnitude of such effects, Price stated in 1898 (6) that the simultaneous action of iron and of copper compounds on the reaction between persulfate and hydrogen iodide causes an unexpected acceleration of the reaction, which is more than twice as great as the acceleration calculated as an additive effect of the two single catalysts. However, effects were also observed of the opposite kind,... 

In chemical experiments, the most commonly used iron compound is the iron sulfate (ferrous sulfate, FeSOj-THjO) — also called green vitriol and copperas. Don t let the last name mislead you— it has nothing to do with copper but conies from an old French word, coupe rose. 

One of the earliest references to a reaction in solution, which, as we now realize, depends upon the formation of a coordination compound, was recorded by Pliny who stated that the adulteration of copper sulfate by iron sulfate could be detected by testing with a strip of papyrus soaked in gall-nuts, when a black colour developed if iron were present. A. Libavius (1540-1616) noted how ammmonia present in water could be detected by the blue colour formed with a copper salt and A. Jacquelain (1846) actually determined copper salts in terms of the blue colour formed on adding ammonia. Later developments used coordination compounds formed from ethylenediamine and other polyamines.3 T. J. Herapath determined iron(III) as its red isothiocyanate complex in 1852 and the basic procedure is used today.3... 

Some copper compounds have been used therapeutically in the past. Small quantities of copper salts enhance the physiological utilization of iron and are thus often present in hemopoietic formulations. Copper chloride and copper sulfate are used in parenteral nutrition solutions. The artificial radioactive copper isotope Cu has been used in mineral metabolic studies. Excess accumulation of copper can occur due to an abnormality of ceruloplasmin and causes Wilson s disease and Menkes disease, which are both characterized by copper accumulation (SEDA-22, 244) (9). 

You can identify other names as representing ionic compounds by recognizing that they contain the names of common polyatomic ions. For example, ammonium chloride and iron(III) hydroxide are both ionic compounds. Many of the polyatomic ions that you will be expected to recognize end in -ate, so this ending tells you that the name represents an ionic compound. Copper(II) sulfate is an ionic compound. 

In short, the more active metals displace the less active metals from solution. As an example, if an iron strip is immersed in a solution of copper sulfate, some of the iron dissolves, forming iron ions, while the copper ions become metallic and copper metal plates out on the remaining iron strip. The activity series can be used to predict displacement reactions between atoms and ions in compounds of the type A + BC AC + B, where A and B are atoms. Using the activity series, any atom A will displace from a compound any element B listed below it, but will not displace any element listed above it. 

Colors of ceramics are due to compounds containing the so-called transition (metallic) elements such as iron and copper, as seen above. Some of the colors of such compounds might be familiar to you. Iron oxide can be brown (rust) or red (hematite ore), and maybe you have seen a nice blue copper sulfate crystal. Compounds of other elements (nontransition elements) are rarely colored. What special is there about compounds of transition elements ... 

Metals less noble than copper, such as iron, nickel, and lead, dissolve from the anode. The lead precipitates as lead sulfate in the slimes. Other impurities such as arsenic, antimony, and bismuth remain partiy as insoluble compounds in the slimes and partiy as soluble complexes in the electrolyte. Precious metals, such as gold and silver, remain as metals in the anode slimes. The bulk of the slimes consist of particles of copper falling from the anode, and insoluble sulfides, selenides, or teUurides. These slimes are processed further for the recovery of the various constituents. Metals less noble than copper do not deposit but accumulate in solution. This requires periodic purification of the electrolyte to remove nickel sulfate, arsenic, and other impurities. 

Transition metal ions. Transition metal ions impart color to many of their compounds and solutions, (a) Bottom row (left to right) iron(lll) chloride. copper ll) sulfate, manganese(ll) chloride, cobalt(ll) chloride. Top row (left to right) chromium(lll) nitrate, iron(ll) sulfate, nickel(ll) sulfate, potassium dichromate, (b) Solutions of the compounds in (a) in the order listed above. 

The 3 percent hydrogen peroxide you get at the drugstore is often protected from decomposing by the addition of sodium silicate, magnesium sulfate, or tin compounds. These stabilizers lock up the iron, copper, and other transition metals that can act as catalysts. 

Write the formula for each of the following compounds (a) hydrogen iodide, (b) calcium chloride, (c) lithium oxide, (d) silver nitrate, (e) iron(II) sulfide, (/) aluminum chloride, (g) ammonium sulfate, (h) zinc carbonate, (/) iron(lll) oxide, ( ) sodium phosphate, (k) iron(H) acetate, (/) ammonium cyanide, and (m) copper(II) chloride. 

Iron(II) salts, usually in conjunction with catalytic amounts of copper(II) compounds, have also been used to mediate radical additions to dienes91,92. Radicals are initially generated in these cases by reductive cleavage of peroxyesters of hydroperoxides to yield, after rearrangement, alkyl radicals. Addition to dienes is then followed by oxidation of the allyl radical and trapping by solvent. Hydroperoxide 67, for example, is reduced by ferrous sulfate to acyclic radical 68, which adds to butadiene to form adduct radical 69. Oxidation of 69 by copper(H) and reaction of the resulting allyl cation 70 with methanol yield product 71 in 61% yield (equation 29). 

Rubidium cobalt sulfate (Rb SO CoSO 6HjO) is an example of several double sulfates that rubidium has the ability to form. Rubidium cobalt sulfate is a combined rubidium-cobalt compound in the form of ruby-red crystals. Other rubidium sulfate crystal compounds and their colors are rubidium + copper = white rubidium + iron = dark green and rubidium + magnesium = colorless. 

Cadmium is found naturally deep in the subsurface in zinc, lead, and copper ores, in coal, shales, and other fossil fuels it also is released during volcanic activity. These deposits can serve as sources to ground and surface waters, especially when in contact with soft, acidic waters. Chloride, nitrate, and sulfate salts of cadmium are soluble, and sorption to soils is pH-dependent (increasing with alkalinity). Cadmium found in association with carbonate minerals, precipitated as stable solid compounds, or coprecipitated with hydrous iron oxides is less likely to be mobilized by resuspension of sediments or biological activity. Cadmium absorbed to mineral surfaces (e.g., clay) or organic materials is more easily bioaccumulated or released in a dissolved state when sediments are disturbed, such as during flooding. 

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