Copper isotope

In the corresponding ENDOR spectra, the hf and quadrupole splittings of central ion and ligand nuclei are, in general, fully resolved. The presence of two copper isotopes does not significantly influence the width of the ligand ENDOR lines. 

Mulliken also studied other band spectra of diatomic molecules. Only one such study will be mentioned here and that is his study of copper iodide (Mulliken 1925c), where he examined the copper isotope effect. Mulliken s pioneering work was followed by more papers on isotope effects on electronic spectra (visible and UV) which will not be detailed here. Many of these papers deal with diatomics since the theory of such spectra is much better understood than that for general polyatomic systems. Further discussion of isotope effects on spectra will be mainly restricted to their use in the discovery of less abundant isotopes. 

Doe BR (1994) Zinc, copper, and lead in mid-ocean ridge basalts and the source rock control on Zn/Pb in ocean-ridge hydrothermal deposits. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58 2215-2223 Ehrlich S, Butler I, Halicz L, Rickard D, Oldroyd A, Matthews A (submitted) Experimental study of copper isotope fractionation between aqueous Cu(II) and covellite, CuS. Chem Geol Finney LA, O Halloran TV (2003) Transition metal speciation in the cell insights from the chemistry of metal ion receptors. Science 300 931-936... 

Walker EC, Cuttitta F, Senftle FE (1958) Some natural variations in the relative abundance of copper isotopes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 15 183-194... 

In the leach cap, the Cu isotopes are lighter than those in the enrichment blanket. Near the surface, the isotopes are extremely low, to about -14%o. Deeper in vertical profile at about 300 feet, the enrichment blanket contains a heavier isotope signature around 8%o. This pattern is observed throughout the drill core. The hypogene mineralization is near 0%o and therefore, there has been fractionation of copper isotopes in the chalcopyrite during dissolution. This fractionation is seen because the hypogene ores are distinctly different than leach cap and enrichment minerals. 

The supergene environment is an ideai piace to document the effects of copper isotope fractionation in the weathering cycies of ore deposits. As is the case with iight stabie isotopes (O, S, N, and C) copper isotopes are thought to fractionate due to quantum mechanicai effects... 

Copper isotope ratios are reported in the familiar delta notation ... 

A major concern surrounding isotope data obtained during analysis is the measurement error associated with mass fractionation within the instrument owing to variations in operating conditions (e.g. Marechal etat. 1999). In order to constrain the errors associated with copper isotope analyses on our instrument, we compared all of the copper ratios to the NIST 976 copper standard (eq. 1) using standard-sample-standard bracketing. The 2a error for the variation of the standard for eight analytical sessions was observed to be +... 

The copper isotope composition of waters actively weathering copper minerals could have distinctly heavy copper isotope signatures and indicate... 

Aseal, D. Matthews, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Halicz, L.. 2007. Copper isotope... 

Chemical Geology, 243(3-4), 238-254. Kimball, B., ef al. (in print) Copper isotope fractionation in acid mine drainage. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta LARSON, P.B. et al. 2002. Cu isotopes tracing metal sources in ore deposits. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66(15A), 432. 

Markl, G., Lahaye, Y., Schwinn, G. 2006. Copper isotopes as monitors of redox processes in hydrothermal mineralization. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(16), 4215 228. 

Seo, J.H., Lee, S.K., Lee, I. 2007. Quantum chemical calculations of equilibrium copper (I) isotope fractionations in ore-forming fluids. Chemicai Geoiogy, 243, 225-237. Wall, A., Heaney, P., Mathur, R. 2007. Insights into copper isotope fractionation during the oxidative phase transition of chalcocite, using time-resolved synchrontron X-ray diffraction. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 77, A1081. 

Ehrlich S, Butler I, Halicz L, Rickard D, Oldroyd A, Matthews A (2004) Experimental study of the copper isotope fractionation between aqueous Cu(II) and covellite, CuS, Chem Geol 209 259-269... 

Pokrovsky OS, Viers J, Emnova EE, Kompantseva El, Freydier R (2008) Copper isotope fractionation during its interaction with soil and aquatic microorganisms and metal oxy(hydr)oxides possible structural control. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72 1742-1757 Polyakov VB (1997) Equilibrium fractionation of the iron isotopes estimation from Mossbauer spectroscopy data. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61 4213 217 Polyakov VB, Kharlashina NN (1994) Effect of pressure on equilibrium isotope fractionation. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58 4739 750... 

Ruiz J, Mathur R, Young S, Brantley S (2002) Controls of copper isotope fractionation. Geochim Cosmochim Acta Spec Suppl 66 A654... 

Figure 13 Measured copper isotope ratio as a function of argon discharge gas pressure in torr. Numbers indicate the order in which measurements at a particular pressure were taken. (From Ref. 102.)...

Bombardment of natural copper (isotopes 63 and 65 with protons yields isotope A, together with a fourth zinc isotope, D, a K eapturer. Bombardment of natural gallium, (isotopes 69 and 71) with energetic deutcrons yields B, but not A, C, or D. 

Table 3 NMR Properties of the naturally occurring copper isotopes...

The potential use of novel chelating agents for copper isotopes with short half-lives in radiopharmacy has been discussed (7). 

Some copper compounds have been used therapeutically in the past. Small quantities of copper salts enhance the physiological utilization of iron and are thus often present in hemopoietic formulations. Copper chloride and copper sulfate are used in parenteral nutrition solutions. The artificial radioactive copper isotope Cu has been used in mineral metabolic studies. Excess accumulation of copper can occur due to an abnormality of ceruloplasmin and causes Wilson s disease and Menkes disease, which are both characterized by copper accumulation (SEDA-22, 244) (9). 

Figure 2.17. A. The effect on a multiplet due to a spin- /2 nucleus of increasing parameter (XqD /vos) with B. an example of P multiplets from coupling to copper. Note that there are two inequivalent phosphorus nuclei and that there are 2 copper isotopes ( Cu) both with spin- /2 but with different moments and quadrupole effects that cause distortion. From Hanna et al. (1992) with permission of the American Chemical Society.

Lyon TD, FeU GS, Gaffney D, McGaw BA, RusseU Rl, Park RH et al. Use of a stable copper isotope (65Cu) in the differential diagnosis of Wilson s disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 1995 88 727-32. 

TaUe 1. Some key properties of NMR-active copper isotopes. 

This is presently the most promising method for the determination of trace amounts of copper on an ultramicroscale. The radiochemical properties of copper are such that one theoretically should be able to detect 10 i g of this element without much difficulty (S31). There are two naturally occurring nonradioactive copper isotopes, Cu and Cu . Exposure to a high flux of thermal neutrons converts these to radioactive Cu and Cu , respectively. 

Copper-64 of a medium degree of specific activity can be produced by bombarding Cu , one of the stable copper isotopes, with thermal neutrons to yield Cu by the following reaction. 

Mathur, R., S. Titley, G. Hart, M. Wilson, M. Davignon, and C. Zlatos. 2009. The history of the United States cent revealed through copper isotope fractionation. Journal of Archaeological Science 36 430-433. 

Calculate the percentage of each copper isotope in this sample. Recall that Cu = 62.9296 gmoR Cu = 64.9278 gmoR ... 

Klein, S., Lahaye, Y., Brey, G.P., Von Kaenel, H.M. (2004) The early Roman Imperial AES coinage II tracing the copper sources by analysis of lead and copper isotopes— copper coins of Augustus andTiherms. Archaeometry, 46,... 

---