Iron chloride-induced activation

Iron( 111) chloride on activated carbon induces the disproportionation of chlorofluorometh-anes above 300 C.19 A catalytic material of this kind is prepared by soaking activated carbon in a iron(lll) halide solution. Activated carbon (500 mL) is soaked with a 37.8% iron(lll) chloride (130 mL) solution and then dried at temperatures between 50 and 150 C. 

The chemistry of indium metal is the subject of current investigation, especially since the reactions induced by it can be performed in aqueous solution.15 The selective reductions of ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate (entry 1), 2-nitrobenzyl alcohol (entry 2), l-bromo-4-nitrobenzene (entry 3), 4-nitrocinnamyl alcohol (entry 4), 4-nitrobenzonitrile (entry 5), 4-nitrobenzamide (entry 6), 4-nitroanisole (entry 7), and 2-nitrofluorenone (entry 8) with indium metal in the presence of ammonium chloride using aqueous ethanol were performed and the corresponding amines were produced in good yield. These results indicate a useful selectivity in the reduction procedure. For example, ester, nitrile, bromo, amide, benzylic ketone, benzylic alcohol, aromatic ether, and unsaturated bonds remained unaffected during this transformation. Many of the previous methods produce a mixture of compounds. Other metals like zinc, tin, and iron usually require acid-catalysts for the activation process, with resultant problems of waste disposal. 

Buckley, D.H. Friction Induced Surface Activity of some Simple Organic Chlorides and Hydrocarbonds with Iron. ASLE Trans. Vol. 17, 1973. 

A completely different approach to patterning conducting polymers involves the use of photosensitive oxidants [86,87]. In this process, a photosensitive oxidant is mixed with a host polymer such as poly (vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl alcohol), or polycarbonate. The composite is applied to a substrate. Upon irradiation of the film, the oxidant in the exposed regions is made inactive, whereas in the unexposed regions the oxidant can still induce polymerization of appropriate monomers. After exposure, the latent image is exposed to a monomer such as pyrrole either in solution or in the vapor state. Polymerization occurs only in the nonexposed areas where the oxidant is still active. In this fashion, patterns are delineated that consist of conducting composite materials. Some photosensitive oxidants include Fe(III) salts such as iron trichloride and ferrioxalate. Upon exposure, the Fe(III) is converted to Fe(II), which does not induce oxidative polymerization [86,87]. 

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