IPMCs

IL Illinois IECC Commercial only as modified by the 2001 Supplement IBC, IFC, IMC, IFGC, IPMC, IECC State Board of Education Facilities other than vehicular. Does not apply to Chicago IBC IL Department of Health... 

M. Abrecht s D.Sci.Thesis (EPFL 2003) and updates can be downloaded from the web page http //ipmc.epfl.ch/page31440.html... 

Synonyms 2-Isopropoxyphenyl-N-methylcarba-mate Baygon Blattanex IMPC Invisi-Gard IPMC Propogon Sendra Sendran Suncide Tendex Unden Undene BAY 39007 BAY 9010 BO 58 12315 ENT 25671 OMS 33 SHA 047802... 

IPMC = 2-Methyl-butan/Methylcyclohexan (1 5) EPA = Ather/2-Methyl-butan/Atlianol (5 5 2) EA = Ather/Athanol CAP Ceilulose-Acetatfilm... 

LEA3D University of Nice b ioinfo. ipmc. cms.fr / lea. html 17... 

Since an IPMC functions as a pathway for hydrated cations, its properties will be expected to affect the performance of an IPMC actuator. The membrane materials used in IPMCs have so far been limited to a few commercially available perfluorinated ionic polymers, such as Nafion, and the thickness of the IPMC has also been restricted to the available thickness of the commercial membrane [67]. However, IPMC actuators employing new ionic membranes have now been reported [68]. The membranes are prepared from fluoropolymers grafted with polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA). IPMCs assembled with these membranes have been shown to exhibit at least several times larger displacements than the Nafion-based IPMC with similar thickness. 

Applied potential causes cations to migrate to cathode IPMC contracts... 

Pressure gradient causes water to flow towards anode IPMC relaxes... 

Fig. 1.1 Schematic representation of the actuation mechanism for an IPMC actuator. Application of a bias voltage causes mobile ions to migrate to one of the electrodes. The concomitant migration of solvent causes the ion rich region to swell, generating a bending motion. Over time the actuator relaxes due to the built-up pressure gradient [2]. IEEE 2004, reprinted with permission...

Kim KJ, Shahinpoor M (2002) A novel method of manufacturing three-dimensional ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) bomimetic sensors, actuators and artificial muscles. Polymer 43 797... 

Modeling of IPMC Guide Wire Stirrer in Endovascular Surgery... 

Keywords Artificial muscle IPMC Actuator Sensor Endovascular surgery ... 

Ionic Polymeric Metallic Composites (IPMCs) are a class of EAPs that exhibit characteristics of both actuators and sensors, Shahinpoor et al. [6—11]. The flexibility of an IPMC makes it possible to be applied both in small and large deflection applications. Successive photographs of an IPMC strip are shown in Fig. 2.1 that demonstrates very large deformation (up to 8 cm) in the presence of low voltage. The sample is 10 mm wide, 80 mm long, and 0.34 mm thick. The time interval is 1 s and the actuation voltage is 4 V DC. 

High flexibility, low drive voltage, and large bending deflection are definite advantages of IPMCs over other rigid piezoelectric ceramic materials. These characteristics make IPMC actuators and sensors very popular in various biomedical applications. 

Fig. 2.1 Successive photographs of an IPMC strip before actuation (a) and (b) after actuation [9]. Smart Materials and Structures 2004, reprinted with permission...

Let us now summarize the underlying principle of the IPMC s actuation and sensing capabilities, which can be described by the standard Onsager formula using linear irreversible thermodynamics. When static conditions are imposed, a simple description of mechanoelectric effect is possible based upon two forms of transport ion transport (with a current density, /, normal to the material) and solvent transport (with a flux, Q, that we can assume is water flux). 

Figure 2.2 depicts the redistribution of ions and polar fluids (water) in IPMCs under an imposed electric field. When the direct effect (actuation mode) is investigated that is, upon application of a voltage, a bending deformation is observed. One notes that ideally Q — 0 after static deformation sets in. Thus ... 

Fig. 2.2 Actuation and sensing mechanism of IPMC actuators and sensors...

Based on this simplified model the tip bending deflection ax of an IPMC strip of length Ig should be almost linearly related to the imposed electric field due to the fact that ... 

Fig. 2.5 IPMC stirrer attached to the tip of a catheter and actuated in a saline fluidic environment resembling blood...

In our work, the tip of a catheter is equipped with an IPMC artificial muscle as a stirrer. A schematic of an attached IPMC stirrer to the tip of a catheter is depicted in Fig. 2.4. Bi-directional bending of the catheter, along with the manual twisting motion of the wire, enables 3D orientation control of the active catheter. Successful actuation is achieved in a fluidic environment as shown in Fig. 2.5. The tip of the actuator is easily bent about 90°, which is sufficient to maneuver through the endovascular branches. 

The actuation properties of IPMC are presented in. [6—10] By applying a voltage of 0.2-3 V on an IPMC film, bending towards the anode occurred. An increase in voltage level (up to 6 or 7 V) causes larger bending displacement along with nonlinear saturation in displacement. IPMCs also work very well in water or blood environments. 

Different modeling approaches have been introduced, Shahinpoor et al. [6—11]. Fig. 2.7 shows the step response of a 20 x 5 x 0.2 mm IPMC cantilever strip which is actuated by a 1.5 input volt. Two types of IPMCs, PVP (polyvinyl pyrolidone) treated and PVP non-treated, are compared with each other in terms of maximum deflection and settling time. The steady state deflection achieved for the PVP treated sample is about 40% higher than the non-treated sample, and the settling time is reduced significantly, showing fast actuation properties. 

Modeling the actuation response of IPMC for robust control of IPMC actuators is described in references 12 and 13. [12—13] Step response of actuators can be used for identification of actuator dynamics to derive a second order transfer... 

IPMC Sensor for Deflection and Contact Sensing of Endovascular Stirrers... 

Another possibility is switching between the sensing and actuating functions of the IPMC. The same pair of electrodes can be used along with a switching control to switch from an actuation mode to a sensing mode. 

Modeling and development of an IPMC based distal tip guide wire stirrer were presented. IPMCs can be cut arbitrarily smaller or larger for applications in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS),... 

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