Electroactive polymer , IPMCs

Bar-Cohen, Y. Xue, T. Joffe, B. Lih, S.-S. Shahinpoor, M. Simpson, J. Smith, J. WiUis, P. Electroactive polymers (IPMC), low mass muscle actuators. Proc. 1997 SPIE Smart Mater. Struct. Conf., San Diego California, SPIE 3041-76 (1997)... 

Recently, many new piezoelectric materials have appeared as a consequence of the ability to observe and tailor crystal, polycrystaUine, and polymer stmctures on the nanoscale. Indeed the evolution of high-performance piezoelectric materials like PMN-PT, polypyrrole, IPMC, and other electroactive polymers promises to usher in a new generation of materials that offer advantages over PZT for dispensing apphcations. Meanwhile, compatibility problems in the fabrication of silicon, PZT, and other standard micromachining materials are being solved, offering the ability to apply PZT in ways not currently possible. 

Takagi, K., Kamamichi, N., Stoimenov, B., Asaka, K., Mukai, T. and Luo, Z.-W. (2008). Frequency response characteristics of IPMC sensors with cur-rent/voltage measurements, in Y. Bar-Cohen (ed.). Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) 2008, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 6927 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA), pp. 692724 1-10. 

Tadokoro, S., Konyo, M. and Oguro, K. (2004) Modeling IPMC for design of actuation mechanisms, in Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Actuators as Artificial Muscles (Y. Bar-Cohen Ed.), SPIE Press, 2nd edn, Washington, 385-427. 

Asaka, K., Mori, N., Hayashi, K., et al. (2004) Modelling of the electromechanical response of ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC), Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices, San Diego, CA, 5385. 

Figure 6.16 Concept of a snake-like swimming robot in a thin tube (Reprinted with permission from Nakcibo, Y. et al. Biomimetic soft robots using IPMC in Electroactive Polymers for Robotic Applications (eds Kim, K. J. and Tadokoro, S.), 165-98. Copyright (2007) Springer).

Biomimetic soft robots using IPMC, in Electroactive Polymers for Robotics Applications (eds Kim, K. J. and Tadokoro, S.), Springer, London. 

Biomedical Applications of Electroactive Polymer Actuators IPMC response under compression (200N load)... 

Ferrara, L., Shahinpoor, M., Kim, K. J., et al. (1999) Use of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) As A Pressure Transducer In the Human Spine, in Electroactive Polymers, SPIE (publication, number 3669-45), 394—401. 

The ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC, which is also known as ICPF in the robotics field) [10, 11] is one of the electroactive polymers that have shown potential for practical applications. The IPMC is an chemically plated electroactive polymer (EAP) material that bends when subjected to a voltage across its thickness (Figure 8.1). A Nafion-gold composite type IPMC [12], which contained the sodium ion, has a relatively good... 

Aoyagi W, Omiya M (2013) Mechanical and electrochemical properties of an IPMC actuator with palladium electrodes in acid and alkaline solutions. Smart Mater Struct 22 055028 (10 pp) Asaka K, Oguro K (2000) Bending of Polyelectrolyte Membrane-platinum composites by electric stimuli. Part II. Response kinetics. I Electroanal Chem 480 186-198 Asaka K, Oguro K (2009a) IPMC actuators fundamentals. In Carpi F, Smela E (eds) Biomedical applications of electroactive polymer actuators. Wiley, Chichester, pp 103-119 Asaka K, Oguro K (2009b) Active microcatheter and biomedical soft devices based on IPMC actuators. In Carpi F, Smela E (eds) Biomedical applications of electroactive polymer actuators. Wiley, Chichester, pp 103-119... 

Palmre V, Torop J, Arulepp M et al (2012) Impact of carbon nanotube additives on carbide-derived carbon-based electroactive polymer actuators. Carbon 50(12) 4351-4358 Palmre V, Kim SJ, Pugal D, Kim K (2014) Improving electromechanical output of IPMC by high surface area Pd-Pt electrodes and tailored ionomer membrane thickness. Int J Smart Nano Mater 5(2) 99-113... 

Najem J, Sarles S, Akle B, Leo D (2012) Biomimetic jellyfish-inspired underwater vehicle actuated by ionic polymer metal composite actuators. Smart Mater Struct 21 094026 Nakabo Y, Mukai T, Asaka K (2007) Biomimetic soft robots using IPMC. In Kim K, Tadokoro S (eds) Electroactive polymers for robotics applications. Springer, London, pp 165-198... 

In order to interpret the eleetromechanical results, the performance of IPMCs is often reported alongside of a variety of characteristics such as tire capacitance of the actuator, current during the operation cycle, charge accumulated by the time of maximum displacement/blocking force, conductivity of the electrodes, viscoelasticity of the materials, etc. Finding out how all these parameters relate to the electromechanical response of IPMCs is a subject of ongoing research in the field of electroactive polymers. 

Anton M, Aabloo A, Punning A, Kruusmaa M (2008) A mechanical model of a non-uniform ionomeric polymer metal eomposite actuator. Smart Mater Struct 17(2) 25001-25004 Asaka K, Oguro K (2009) Active microcatheter and biomedical soft devices based on IPMC actuators. In Carpi F, Smela E (eds) Biomedical applications of electroactive polymer actuators. 

Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites or IPMCs, are one type of electroactive polymers that display remarkable shape-altering properties. Most IPMCs are made up of a polymer membrane contained within metal electrodes, which are typically gold or platinum. When an IPMC is hydrated, counter-ions can move freely away from stationary anions toward an electrode when an electric current is induced. This is due to the hydrating liquid s effect of solvating the cation. The result is the IPMC s deflection toward the anode. IPMC membranes have advantages over traditional actuators in the fact that they lack moving parts and require very small voltages to operate. 

---