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Bend deformation

The previous section has considered the in-plane deformations of a single ply. In practice, real engineering components are likely to be subjected to this type of loading plus (or as an alternative) bending deformations. It is convenient at this stage to consider the flexural loading of a single ply because this will develop the method of solution for multi-ply laminates. [Pg.195]

The volumes of activation for some additions of anionic nucleophiles to arenediazonium ions were determined by Isaacs et al. (1987) and are listed in Table 6-1. All but one are negative, although one expects — and knows from various other reactions between cations and anions — that ion combination reactions should have positive volumes of activation by reason of solvent relaxation as charges become neutralized. The authors present various interpretations, one of which seems to be plausible, namely that a C — N—N bond-bending deformation of the diazonium ion occurs before the transition state of the addition is reached (Scheme 6-2). This bondbending is expected to bring about a decrease in resonance interaction in the arenediazonium ion and hence a charge concentration on Np and an increase in solvation. [Pg.108]

The strain in electric field-associated bending of a PVA-PAA gel is given by the equation g = 6DY/L2 (see Eq. 21). The strain depends on the electric power applied to the gel. Thus, the deflection increases as the thickness becomes small even if the electric power remains constant. The PVA-PAA gel rod of 1 mm diameter bends semicircularly within 1 s under both dc and ac excitation. An artificial fish with a PVA-PAA gel tail 0.7 mm thick has been designed, and it has been demonstrated that the fish swims forward at a velocity of 2 cm/sec as the gel flaps back and forth under sinusoidally varied electric fields (Fig. 13b). This prototype of a biomimetic actuator shows that translational motion may be produced using bending deformation [74],... [Pg.160]

Makinaga, M., Norimoto, M. and Inoue, M. (1997). Permanent fixation of bending deformation of wood by stem treatment. Wood Research, 84, 39 1. [Pg.215]

Note 3 A bend deformation is described by the non-zero derivatives n dn jdx ) and dn jdx ), where the symbols are defined in Definition 5.2. [Pg.127]

Fig. 29. Schematic representation of a bend deformation (a) changes in the components of the director, n defining the orientation change (b) bend deformation of an oriented layer of a nematic liquid crystal. Fig. 29. Schematic representation of a bend deformation (a) changes in the components of the director, n defining the orientation change (b) bend deformation of an oriented layer of a nematic liquid crystal.
Electric polarization resulting from a splay or bend deformation of the director of a nematic liquid crystal. [Pg.132]

Fig. 32. Schematic representation of the flexo-electric effect, (a) The structure of an undeformed nematic liquid crystal with pear- and banana-shaped molecules (b) the same liquid crystal subjected to splay and bend deformations, respectively. Fig. 32. Schematic representation of the flexo-electric effect, (a) The structure of an undeformed nematic liquid crystal with pear- and banana-shaped molecules (b) the same liquid crystal subjected to splay and bend deformations, respectively.
For a nematic LC, the preferred orientation is one in which the director is parallel everywhere. Other orientations have a free-energy distribution that depends on the elastic constants, K /. The orientational elastic constants K, K22 and K33 determine respectively splay, twist and bend deformations. Values of elastic constants in LCs are around 10 N so that free-energy difference between different orientations is of the order of 5 x 10 J m the same order of magnitude as surface energy. A thin layer of LC sandwiched between two aligned surfaces therefore adopts an orientation determined by the surfaces. This fact forms the basis of most electrooptical effects in LCs. Display devices based on LCs are discussed in Chapter 7. [Pg.397]

In Tsai [7], an elasticity solution for stresses in a pressurized thick cylindrical vessel is presented. In this analysis, the longitudinal bending deformation due to end closures is neglected, the formulation of the elasticity problem then reduces to a generalized plane strain analysis. The effects of material selection, layup sequence, and winding angles on the burst strength of thick multilayered cylinders are also addressed. [Pg.397]

Near the transition temperature, SMAs also exhibit the curious effect of pseudoelasticity, in which the metal recovers (apparently in the usual manner) from an isothermal bending deformation when the stress is removed. However, the elasticity is not due to the usual elastic modulus of a fixed crystalline form, but instead results from strain-induced solid-solid phase transition to a more deformable crystalline structure, which yields to the stress, then spontaneously returns to the original equilibrium crystal structure (restoring the original macroscopic shape) when the stress is removed. [Pg.272]

Figure 8-16. Simple shear, (a) Double sandwich test piece (b) sandwich test piece showing shear deformation (c) shearing of rubber block. 1, 1 undeformed shape 2, 2 bending deformation 3, 3 true shear deformation 4,4 resultant bending plus shear deformation... Figure 8-16. Simple shear, (a) Double sandwich test piece (b) sandwich test piece showing shear deformation (c) shearing of rubber block. 1, 1 undeformed shape 2, 2 bending deformation 3, 3 true shear deformation 4,4 resultant bending plus shear deformation...
If the ratio of h to 1 is too great there will be an appreciable bending deformation in addition to the true shear, as shown in Figure 8.16(c). [Pg.156]

Fig. 17a-c. Elastic constants for a splay b twist c bend deformations of a nematic phase. The full lines represent the director... [Pg.127]

Fig. 3.1 Stretching and bending (deformation) vibrational modes for the methylene group, which is typical of an XY2 system. Fig. 3.1 Stretching and bending (deformation) vibrational modes for the methylene group, which is typical of an XY2 system.
The attachment of a methyl or methylene group to a carbonyl group results in the C—H symmetric bending deformations becoming more intense and the bands appear at slightly lower frequency than normally. [Pg.276]

The fracture stress, ay corresponding to failure at 3% strain is 150 Mpa. By applying laminate theory and the working spreadsheet model described earlier, the deformation required to reproduce the fracture stress under a different geometry can be easily calculated. Thus for the same laminate sample, the solution for a two-point bend deformation is that a plate separation of 6.5 mm will apply a strain of 3% and develop fracture stress in the coating layer. [Pg.175]


See other pages where Bend deformation is mentioned: [Pg.742]    [Pg.134]    [Pg.136]    [Pg.160]    [Pg.166]    [Pg.192]    [Pg.43]    [Pg.132]    [Pg.141]    [Pg.155]    [Pg.164]    [Pg.176]    [Pg.11]    [Pg.127]    [Pg.128]    [Pg.140]    [Pg.141]    [Pg.835]    [Pg.515]    [Pg.46]    [Pg.163]    [Pg.31]    [Pg.256]    [Pg.151]    [Pg.91]    [Pg.214]    [Pg.94]    [Pg.327]    [Pg.256]    [Pg.11]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.2 , Pg.2 , Pg.5 , Pg.7 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.29 , Pg.287 ]




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Splay-bend-twist deformations, external field

Stresses and Deformation in Beams for Conditions other than Pure Bending

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