Ionizing occupational exposure

HS(G)91 A framework for the restnction of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation... 

Inorganic acids (see Sulfuric acid and other strong inorganic acids, occupational exposures to mists and vapours from) Insecticides, occupational exposures in spraying and application of Ionizing radiation (see Neutrons, y- and X-radiation)... 

The current federal guidelines for occupational exposure to ionizing radiation in the United States are in the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.96. They stipulate that personnel working in the area where ionizing radiation is produced should not receive in any period of a calendar quarter more than the following dose equivalents (rem) ... 

Although precise occupational exposures were not known, most studies indicated that workers had been exposed to concentrations up to 250-300 ppm during at least part of a working day thus, 300 ppm was chosen. The C57BL/6 and CBA/Ca mouse strains were chosen for these studies because of their susceptibilities to ionizing radiation-induced thymic lymphoma. The strains are also recognized for their low spontaneous rates of AML, the disease most frequently associated with benzene exposure in humans. 

Hazelton, W. D., Moolgavkar, S. H., Curtis, S. B., Zielinski, J. M., Ashmore, J. P, and Krewski, D. (2006). Biologically based analysis of lung cancer incidence in a large Canadian occupational cohort with low-dose ionizing radiation exposure, and comparison with Japanese atomic bomb survivors. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 69, 1013-1038. 

Halton DM. 1988. A comparison of the concepts used to develop and apply occupational exposure limits for ionizing radiation and hazardous chemical substances. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 8 343-355. 

Concerning paternal occupational risk factors fra neuroblastoma, various authors [1,11,12] have suggested that exposure to metal fumes and dusts, benzene, asbestos, or pesticides, but not ionizing or non-ionizing radiation may be related. Paternal occupational exposure to hydrocarbons and paternal employment involving contact with electromagnetic fields working as electricians or as electronics operatives may also have risk factors implications. 

Bnmmark, P., Dalene, M., and Skarping, G., Gas-chromatography negative-ion chemical-ionization mass-spectrometry of hydrolyzed human urine and blood-plasma for the biomonitoring of occupational exposure to 4,4 -methylenebisaniline, Analyst, 120, 41-45, 1995. 

OSHA considers skin diseases as illnesses caused by exposure to chemicals, plants, or other hazardous substances. OSHA dehnes respiratory conditions or illnesses as breathing-related problems associated with pneumonitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, farmer s lung, beryllium disease, tuberculosis, occupational asthma, reactive airways dysfunction syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hypersensitivity. Examples can include heatstroke, hypothermia, decompression sickness, effects of ionizing radiation, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, anthrax, and bloodbome pathogen diseases. 

National, province, state or territory acts, regulations, codes of practice, rules, standards, and guidance notes on occupational exposure standards (chemical and pliysical), noise, lighting, hazardous substances, heat and cold stress, and ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. 

TABLE 4.67 Example of Occupational Exposure to Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiation... 

Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation can occur in a range of industries, medical institutions, educational and research establishments and nuclear fuel cycle facilities. Adequate radiation protection of workers is essential for the safe and acceptable use of radiation, radioactive materials and nuclear energy. 

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