Ion scattering spectroscop

Methods based on the study of the scattering of an ion beam also belong among techniques for analysis of surfaces that have been used only occasionally in electrochemistry. The ion-scattering spectroscopic (ISS) method studies the scattering of slow ions (with energy up to 1 keV). The... 

Table VII. Ion scattering spectroscopic analysis of corrosion films on microanalysis samples...

Reviews on ion scattering spectroscopic techniques [220,221] are available for textbooks, cfr Bibliography. 

Ref. [43] for an illustrative and detailed overview. An important observation common for Type II surface alloys is the low onset temperature of near-surface intermixing, that is, of the observable disappearance of guest species from the outermost layer. According to ion scattering spectroscopic data, increasing/decreasing peaks of the host/guest metal are observable just above room temperature for Ni/Pt(lll) [44]. 

Beryllium(II) is the smallest metal ion, r = 27 pm (2), and as a consequence forms predominantly tetrahedral complexes. Solution NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) (59-61) and x-ray diffraction studies (62) show [Be(H20)4]2+ to be the solvated species in water. In the solid state, x-ray diffraction studies show [Be(H20)4]2+ to be tetrahedral (63), as do neutron diffraction (64), infrared, and Raman scattering spectroscopic studies (65). Beryllium(II) is the only tetrahedral metal ion for which a significant quantity of both solvent-exchange and ligand-substitution data are available, and accordingly it occupies a... 

Because electron-spectroscopic and ion-scattering methods yield information about the first seven atom layers, applying these techniques to metal-hydrogen kinetic problems requires incorporating depth-profiling capability. That is, an argon-sputtering gun must be incorporated into the analysis system to remove undesired surface material up to several nanometers deep. 

During the last decade more than 25 electron-spectroscopic and ion-scattering techniques have been developed, and more than 56 surface techniques were tabulated in 1973 (1). It is impossible to describe in a few pages all of these varied methods. 

In situ methods permit the examination of the surface in its electrolytic environment with application of the electrode potential of choice. Usually they are favored for the study of surface layers. Spectroscopic methods working in the ultra high vacuum (UHV) are a valuable alternative. Their detailed information about the chemical composition of surface films makes them an almost inevitable tool for electrochemical research and corrosion studies. Methods like X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and the Ion Spectroscopies as Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS) and Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) have been applied to metal surfaces to study corrosion and passivity. 

In the study of the surface phases of the Pt-Sn system, as well as of other binary systems, a variety of experimental methods are available. Surface spectroscopies based on ion or electron interaction with the surface provide composition information with a depth resolution that can go from a few atomic layers (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS and Auger electron spectroscopy, AES) to single atomic layer resolution. The latter can be obtained by low energy ion scattering (LEIS) a method which has been extensively used for the study ot the Pt-Sn system. Since surface spectroscopic methods are rather well known we will not review them in detail here. 

The techniques named in rows 5-7 of Table 21-1 detect a secondary beam of tons and are classified as ion spectroscopic techniques. These include secondary-ion mass spectrometry, ion-scattering spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, and laser-microprobe muss spectrometry. 

M.A. Eberhardt, M. Houalla and D.M. Hercules, Ion scattering and electron spectroscopic stndy of the surface coverage of V/AI2O3 catalysts, Surf. Interface Anal., 20(9), 766-770, 1993. 

Zingg DS, Makovsky LE, Tischer RE, Brown FR, Hercules DM (1980) A surface spectroscopic study of molybdenum-alumina catalysts using x-ray photoelectron, ion scattering, and Raman spectroscopies. J Phys Chem 84 (22) 2898-2906... 

Spectroscopic Techniques X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), and Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS)... 

Colorimetry, in which a sample absorbs visible light, is one example of a spectroscopic method of analysis. At the end of the nineteenth century, spectroscopy was limited to the absorption, emission, and scattering of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared electromagnetic radiation. During the twentieth century, spectroscopy has been extended to include other forms of electromagnetic radiation (photon spectroscopy), such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves, as well as energetic particles (particle spectroscopy), such as electrons and ions. ... 

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