Raman scattering spectroscop

Beryllium(II) is the smallest metal ion, r = 27 pm (2), and as a consequence forms predominantly tetrahedral complexes. Solution NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) (59-61) and x-ray diffraction studies (62) show [Be(H20)4]2+ to be the solvated species in water. In the solid state, x-ray diffraction studies show [Be(H20)4]2+ to be tetrahedral (63), as do neutron diffraction (64), infrared, and Raman scattering spectroscopic studies (65). Beryllium(II) is the only tetrahedral metal ion for which a significant quantity of both solvent-exchange and ligand-substitution data are available, and accordingly it occupies a... 

Berrodier, I., Farges, F., Benedetti, M., Winterer, M., Brown Jr, G. E., Deveughele, M. (2004). Adsorption mechanisms of trivalent gold on iron- and aluminum-(oxy)hydroxides. Part 1 X-ray absorption and Raman scattering spectroscopic studies of Au(III) adsorbed on ferrihydrite, goethite, and boehmite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(14), 3019-3042. doi 10.1016/j.gca.2004.02.009... 

Abstract High-pressure hydrogenation of the single-walled carbon nanotubes, graphite nanofibers and fullerenes C60 was developed. Produced samples have been studied by their combustion, gas thermodesorption, mass-spectroscopy, X-ray, IR and Raman scattering spectroscopes. 

Wang TL, Chiang HK, Lu HH, Peng EY (2005) Semi-quantitative surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopic creatinine measurement in human urine samples. Opt Quant Electron... 

Ohta. N.. and Yagi. 1. (2008) In situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopic study of pyridine adsorbed on gold electrode surfaces comprised of plasmonic crystal structures. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112, 17603-17610. 

Raman scattering spectroscopic methods have been used in combination with deconvolution techniques to analyze dissociation and association of salts dissolved in PEO and PEO related polymers [249-256]. Thus the splitting of the sym-... 

In regard to understand Raman scattering spectroscopic studies, the 2Z-component of the polarizability of clean and pyridine-modified... 

Conventional spontaneous Raman scattering is the oldest and most widely used of the Raman based spectroscopic methods. It has served as a standard teclmique for the study of molecular vibrational and rotational levels in gases, and for both intra- and inter-molecular excitations in liquids and solids. (For example, a high resolution study of the vibrons and phonons at low temperatures in crystalline benzene has just appeared [38].)... 

Yan Y X, Gamble E B and Nelson K A 1985 Impulsive stimulated Raman scattering general importance in femtosecond laser pulse interactions with matter, and spectroscopic applications J. Chem. Phys. 83 5391-9... 

Figure C3.1.1. The basic elements of a time-resolved spectral measurement. A pump source perturbs tlie sample and initiates changes to be studied. Lasers, capacitive-discharge Joule heaters and rapid reagent mixers are some examples of pump sources. The probe and detector monitor spectroscopic changes associated with absorjDtion, fluorescence, Raman scattering or any otlier spectral approach tliat can distinguish the initial, intennediate and final...

Another related issue is the computation of the intensities of the peaks in the spectrum. Peak intensities depend on the probability that a particular wavelength photon will be absorbed or Raman-scattered. These probabilities can be computed from the wave function by computing the transition dipole moments. This gives relative peak intensities since the calculation does not include the density of the substance. Some types of transitions turn out to have a zero probability due to the molecules symmetry or the spin of the electrons. This is where spectroscopic selection rules come from. Ah initio methods are the preferred way of computing intensities. Although intensities can be computed using semiempirical methods, they tend to give rather poor accuracy results for many chemical systems. 

Of special Interest as O2 reduction electrocatalysts are the transition metal macrocycles In the form of layers adsorptlvely attached, chemically bonded or simply physically deposited on an electrode substrate Some of these complexes catalyze the 4-electron reduction of O2 to H2O or 0H while others catalyze principally the 2-electron reduction to the peroxide and/or the peroxide elimination reactions. Various situ spectroscopic techniques have been used to examine the state of these transition metal macrocycle layers on carbon, graphite and metal substrates under various electrochemical conditions. These techniques have Included (a) visible reflectance spectroscopy (b) laser Raman spectroscopy, utilizing surface enhanced Raman scattering and resonant Raman and (c) Mossbauer spectroscopy. This paper will focus on principally the cobalt and Iron phthalocyanlnes and porphyrins. 

The hyper-Raman scattering cross section is extremely small, typically of the order of 10 cm per molecule [24]. Therefore, an enhancement of signal intensity is essential in order to utilize this phenomenon as a practical spectroscopic tool in the field of molecular science. In a similar marmer to the enhancement of Raman scattering... 

DoeringW.E., Nie S.M., Spectroscopic tags using dye-embedded nanoparticles and surface-enhanced Raman scattering, Anal. Chem. 2003 75 6171-6176. 

Both infrared and Raman are vibrational spectroscopic techniques, and the Raman scattering spectrum and infrared absorption spectrum for a given species often resemble one another quite closely. There are, however, sufficient differences... 

In addition to the indirect experimental evidence coming from work function measurements, information about water orientation at metal surfaces is beginning to emerge from recent applications of a number of in situ vibrational spectroscopic techniques. Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and second harmonic generation have been used to investigate the structure of water at different metal surfaces, but the pictures emerging from all these studies are not always consistent, partially because of surface modification and chemical adsorption, which complicate the analysis. 

Probing Metalloproteins Electronic absorption spectroscopy of copper proteins, 226, 1 electronic absorption spectroscopy of nonheme iron proteins, 226, 33 cobalt as probe and label of proteins, 226, 52 biochemical and spectroscopic probes of mercury(ii) coordination environments in proteins, 226, 71 low-temperature optical spectroscopy metalloprotein structure and dynamics, 226, 97 nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, 226, 119 nanosecond time-resolved absorption and polarization dichroism spectroscopies, 226, 147 real-time spectroscopic techniques for probing conformational dynamics of heme proteins, 226, 177 variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism, 226, 199 linear dichroism, 226, 232 infrared spectroscopy, 226, 259 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 226, 289 infrared circular dichroism, 226, 306 Raman and resonance Raman spectroscopy, 226, 319 protein structure from ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy, 226, 374 single-crystal micro-Raman spectroscopy, 226, 397 nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy, 226, 409 techniques for obtaining resonance Raman spectra of metalloproteins, 226, 431 Raman optical activity, 226, 470 surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering, 226, 482 luminescence... 

In order to realize molecular-vibration spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy is employed, which is one of the most widely used nonlinear Raman spectroscopes (Shen 1984). CARS spectroscopy uses three incident fields including a pump field (< i), a Stokes field (0)2, 0 2 < 1) and a probe field (<0/ = <0i), and induces a nonlinear polarization at the frequency of <03 = 2<0i - <02 which is given in a scalar form by... 

It is noteworthy that for investigating pc-Ag electrodes, various surface spectroscopic methods have been utilized recently. A majority of the relevant papers are focused on the Raman scattering phenomena, mainly on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and related methods. One should emphasize that silver was one of the few noble metals for which the SERS response was observed, provided that the surface was previously activated by electrochemical or other means... 

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