Iodine salt fortification

The limited iodine salts available for use in food and beverages are potassium/sodium iodide, potassium/sodium iodate, or calcium iodide/iodate. Potassium iodide/iodate is the most widely used iodine salt in food and beverage formulations. Calcium salts are becoming less popular in food fortification because of their poor solubility and lower iodine content. 

Salt quality monitoring should be reinforced to ensure that the level of salt fortification with iodine is not too high, but is adequate to ensure optimal iodine nutrition. Salt iodine concentration, which was used in the childrens households, was monitored. The determination of iodine in table salt showed that the commercial products contain iodine in concentrations very close to the upper limit 57.5 12.7mg/kg (maximum value 79.3mg/kg, minimum value 43.0mg/kg, = 6). Only one of the analyzed samples was from a local producer and the others were imported from European and non-European countries. Therefore, the import of table salt should also be controlled. 

The enrichment of salt with iodine, the fortification of milk with vitamin D, and the start of the thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron, grain enrichment program in 1941, have played a significant role in the practical elimination of the following deficiency diseases simple goiter, rickets, beriberi, ariboflavi-nosis, pellagra and simple iron-deficiency anemia. The average American receives approximately 40% of his thiamin, 25% of his iron, 20% of his niacin and 15% of his riboflavin from enriched foods. 

It has been estimated that in 1990 iodine deficiency affected almost one-third of the world s population and represented the greatest single cause of preventable brain damage and mental retardation. Fortification of all salt for animal and human consumption has been chosen as the preferred method for the prevention of iodine... 

In Norway there is essentially no fortification of foodstuffs (exception iron in goat cheese, vitamin A and vitamin D in margarine, and iodine in salt). 

Goiter is the human pathology of hyperplasia of the thyroid gland induced by the deficiency of dietary iodine. The disease is localized in those regions where soils are low in iodine or where seafood is not consumed. Fortification of fable salt with sodium iodide, where applied, has practically eradicated this disease. Unfortunately, many regions of the world do not practice this public health policy. 

We developed a specific register database to prospectively register all new cases of hyper- and hypothyroidism in two areas of Denmark before and during the first years after the implementation of iodine fortification of salt. 

Humans ingest iodine through food. In many countries, iodine fortification, normally through iodized salt, ensures proper iodine intake. The ingested iodine is then absorbed into the bloodstream through the gut. Once absorbed, the major location of iodine storage and utilization is the thyroid. Iodine is transported into the thyroid from the... 

Because a significant amount of iodine is found in relatively few food groups the intake of these foods is important for iodine intake. Many countries iodize household salt and/or salt used by the food industry. The intake of fortified food infiuences iodine intake, depending on the iodization level and the market share of iodized salt. However, even in countries with iodine fortification, the intake of other iodine-rich foods may have a significant impact on total iodine intake. 

Various iodine fortification levels and the market share of iodized salt and other iodized products influence iodine intake. 

Most countries worldwide have some kind of iodine fortification. However, in few countries has the increase in iodine intake following the introduction of an iodine fortification, and the expected effect on thyroid size, been evaluated in a systematical way. In Austria, goiter incidence in schoolchildren was 45.9% in 1964 (assessed by palpation) (Riccabona, 1993). Iodine fortification of salt was introduced by law in 1963, and by 1980 the goiter incidence had fallen to 12% in schoolchildren. The amount of iodine in salt was doubled from 10 to 20 ppm in 1990, and by 1992 the goiter incidence in schoolchildren was 5% (Riccabona, 1993). The iodine excretion in urine, as a measure of iodine intake, increased from 1964... 

Choosing the suitable salt form (iodide, iodate, or any other iodine compound) for fortification. 

Iodine intervention programs supplying iodi2ed salt are presently available in most European countries, compulsory in some countries and voluntary in others. In Denmark, fortification of salt was prohibited up to 1999. 

Mandatory iodine fortification of table salt and salt in bread was initiated in 2000—2001 (Laurberg et ai, 2006), and the Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity 2000—2002 (Lyhne et al., 2005) subsequently found the median iodine intake among 55—75-year-old subjects to be 153—187 p,g/day (Table... 

Notes-. Iodine intake expressed as iodine dietary intake and urinary iodine excretion in elderly males (M) and females (F). The early Danish surveys indicate mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, even among users of dietary supplements. The 68-year-old Danes were also compared to elderly subjects in Iceland with a long-standing relatively high iodine intake. After the mandatory fortification of salt in 2000-2001, the Danish National Survey 2002 indicates a sufficient iodine intake among elderly subjects. N, numbers 7-D R, 7-days food record FFQ, food frequency questionnaire. 

Surveillance of Thyroid Disorders and Iodine Intake in the Danish Population before and after Mandatory Iodide Fortification of Salt The DanThyr Program... 

Cla The Cl cohort investigated from 1997— 1998 before iodine fortification of salt... 

Before the introduction of iodine fortification (IF) of salt, and iodine supplementation of man and domestic animals, most European countries were more or less affected by iodine deficiency (ID) disorders (Kelly and Snedden, 1960). The countries with the most severe manifestations were, in general, early to introduce preventive programs. However, some countries with only mild-to-moderate ID, such as Denmark, have only introduced programs... 

A program of monitoring was mandatory. In addition to regular measurement of the iodine content of iodized salt and checking the market share of iodized salt in Denmark, monitoring should include investigations of iodine intake and the occurrence of thyroid diseases in areas of both mild and moderate ID before and after fortification. 

Figure 119.3 Geographical variations in urinary iodine excretion in Denmark before iodine fortification of salt. Median urinary iodine excretion among inhabitants of various Danish cities before iodine fortification of salt, and the estimated number of people living in areas with different levels of urinary iodine excretion. Values were compiled from different studies of urinary iodine excretion, or estimated from measurements of groundwater iodine content. Geographical variation in iodine intake in Denmark is mostly determined by differences in groundwater iodine content. Pedersen etal., (1999) Rasmussen etal., (2000).

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